![[BACK]](/cvsweb/icons/back.gif){kind=icon}
Return to gcc.info-1 CVS log ![[TXT]](/cvsweb/icons/text.gif){kind=icon}
![[DIR]](/cvsweb/icons/dir.gif){kind=icon}
Up to [Apple XNU] / GNUtools / cc|
Return to gcc.info-1 CVS log | Up to [Apple XNU] / GNUtools / cc |
1.1 ! root 1: This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.54 from the input ! 2: file gcc.texi. ! 3: ! 4: This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. ! 5: ! 6: Published by the Free Software Foundation 675 Massachusetts Avenue ! 7: Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ! 8: ! 9: Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ! 10: ! 11: Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this ! 12: manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are ! 13: preserved on all copies. ! 14: ! 15: Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of ! 16: this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also ! 17: that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License" and "Protect ! 18: Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are included exactly as in the ! 19: original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is ! 20: distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this ! 21: one. ! 22: ! 23: Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this ! 24: manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified ! 25: versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public ! 26: License" and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'", and this ! 27: permission notice, may be included in translations approved by the Free ! 28: Software Foundation instead of in the original English. ! 29: ! 30: ! 31: File: gcc.info, Node: Top, Next: Copying, Up: (DIR) ! 32: ! 33: Introduction ! 34: ************ ! 35: ! 36: This manual documents how to run, install and port the GNU compiler, ! 37: as well as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to report ! 38: bugs. It corresponds to GNU CC version 2.5. ! 39: ! 40: * Menu: ! 41: ! 42: * Copying:: GNU General Public License says ! 43: how you can copy and share GNU CC. ! 44: * Contributors:: People who have contributed to GNU CC. ! 45: * Boycott:: Protect your freedom--fight "look and feel". ! 46: ! 47: * G++ and GCC:: You can compile C or C++ programs. ! 48: * Invoking GCC:: Command options supported by `gcc'. ! 49: * Installation:: How to configure, compile and install GNU CC. ! 50: * C Extensions:: GNU extensions to the C language family. ! 51: * C++ Extensions:: GNU extensions to the C++ language. ! 52: * Trouble:: If you have trouble installing GNU CC. ! 53: * Bugs:: How, why and where to report bugs. ! 54: * Service:: How to find suppliers of support for GNU CC. ! 55: * VMS:: Using GNU CC on VMS. ! 56: ! 57: * Portability:: Goals of GNU CC's portability features. ! 58: * Interface:: Function-call interface of GNU CC output. ! 59: * Passes:: Order of passes, what they do, and what each file is for. ! 60: * RTL:: The intermediate representation that most passes work on. ! 61: * Machine Desc:: How to write machine description instruction patterns. ! 62: * Target Macros:: How to write the machine description C macros. ! 63: * Config:: Writing the `xm-MACHINE.h' file. ! 64: ! 65: * Index:: Index of concepts and symbol names. ! 66: ! 67: ! 68: File: gcc.info, Node: Copying, Next: Contributors, Prev: Top, Up: Top ! 69: ! 70: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE ! 71: ************************** ! 72: ! 73: Version 2, June 1991 ! 74: ! 75: Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ! 76: 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ! 77: ! 78: Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies ! 79: of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. ! 80: ! 81: Preamble ! 82: ======== ! 83: ! 84: The licenses for most software are designed to take away your ! 85: freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public ! 86: License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free ! 87: software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This ! 88: General Public License applies to most of the Free Software ! 89: Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to ! 90: using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by ! 91: the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to ! 92: your programs, too. ! 93: ! 94: When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not ! 95: price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you ! 96: have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for ! 97: this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it ! 98: if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in ! 99: new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. ! 100: ! 101: To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid ! 102: anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. ! 103: These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you ! 104: distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. ! 105: ! 106: For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether ! 107: gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that ! 108: you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the ! 109: source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their ! 110: rights. ! 111: ! 112: We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, ! 113: and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, ! 114: distribute and/or modify the software. ! 115: ! 116: Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain ! 117: that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free ! 118: software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we ! 119: want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so ! 120: that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original ! 121: authors' reputations. ! 122: ! 123: Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software ! 124: patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free ! 125: program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the ! 126: program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any ! 127: patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. ! 128: ! 129: The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and ! 130: modification follow. ! 131: ! 132: TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION ! 133: ! 134: 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a ! 135: notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed ! 136: under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", ! 137: below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on ! 138: the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under ! 139: copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a ! 140: portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or ! 141: translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is ! 142: included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each ! 143: licensee is addressed as "you". ! 144: ! 145: Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are ! 146: not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act ! 147: of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the ! 148: Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on ! 149: the Program (independent of having been made by running the ! 150: Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. ! 151: ! 152: 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's ! 153: source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you ! 154: conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate ! 155: copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the ! 156: notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any ! 157: warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of ! 158: this License along with the Program. ! 159: ! 160: You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, ! 161: and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange ! 162: for a fee. ! 163: ! 164: 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion ! 165: of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and ! 166: distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 ! 167: above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: ! 168: ! 169: a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices ! 170: stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. ! 171: ! 172: b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that ! 173: in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program ! 174: or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge ! 175: to all third parties under the terms of this License. ! 176: ! 177: c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively ! 178: when run, you must cause it, when started running for such ! 179: interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display ! 180: an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and ! 181: a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you ! 182: provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the ! 183: program under these conditions, and telling the user how to ! 184: view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program ! 185: itself is interactive but does not normally print such an ! 186: announcement, your work based on the Program is not required ! 187: to print an announcement.) ! 188: ! 189: These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If ! 190: identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the ! 191: Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate ! 192: works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not ! 193: apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate ! 194: works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a ! 195: whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of ! 196: the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions ! 197: for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each ! 198: and every part regardless of who wrote it. ! 199: ! 200: Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or ! 201: contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the ! 202: intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of ! 203: derivative or collective works based on the Program. ! 204: ! 205: In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the ! 206: Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on ! 207: a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the ! 208: other work under the scope of this License. ! 209: ! 210: 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, ! 211: under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms ! 212: of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the ! 213: following: ! 214: ! 215: a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable ! 216: source code, which must be distributed under the terms of ! 217: Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for ! 218: software interchange; or, ! 219: ! 220: b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three ! 221: years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your ! 222: cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete ! 223: machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be ! 224: distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a ! 225: medium customarily used for software interchange; or, ! 226: ! 227: c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer ! 228: to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is ! 229: allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you ! 230: received the program in object code or executable form with ! 231: such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) ! 232: ! 233: The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for ! 234: making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete ! 235: source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, ! 236: plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts ! 237: used to control compilation and installation of the executable. ! 238: However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need ! 239: not include anything that is normally distributed (in either ! 240: source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, ! 241: kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable ! 242: runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. ! 243: ! 244: If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering ! 245: access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent ! 246: access to copy the source code from the same place counts as ! 247: distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not ! 248: compelled to copy the source along with the object code. ! 249: ! 250: 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program ! 251: except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt ! 252: otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is ! 253: void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this ! 254: License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, ! 255: from you under this License will not have their licenses ! 256: terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. ! 257: ! 258: 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not ! 259: signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify ! 260: or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions ! 261: are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. ! 262: Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work ! 263: based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this ! 264: License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, ! 265: distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. ! 266: ! 267: 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the ! 268: Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the ! 269: original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program ! 270: subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any ! 271: further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights ! 272: granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance ! 273: by third parties to this License. ! 274: ! 275: 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent ! 276: infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent ! 277: issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, ! 278: agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this ! 279: License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this ! 280: License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously ! 281: your obligations under this License and any other pertinent ! 282: obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the ! 283: Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit ! 284: royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who ! 285: receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only ! 286: way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain ! 287: entirely from distribution of the Program. ! 288: ! 289: If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable ! 290: under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is ! 291: intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply ! 292: in other circumstances. ! 293: ! 294: It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any ! 295: patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of ! 296: any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting ! 297: the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is ! 298: implemented by public license practices. Many people have made ! 299: generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed ! 300: through that system in reliance on consistent application of that ! 301: system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is ! 302: willing to distribute software through any other system and a ! 303: licensee cannot impose that choice. ! 304: ! 305: This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed ! 306: to be a consequence of the rest of this License. ! 307: ! 308: 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in ! 309: certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, ! 310: the original copyright holder who places the Program under this ! 311: License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation ! 312: excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only ! 313: in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this ! 314: License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of ! 315: this License. ! 316: ! 317: 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new ! 318: versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such ! 319: new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but ! 320: may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. ! 321: ! 322: Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the ! 323: Program specifies a version number of this License which applies ! 324: to it and "any later version", you have the option of following ! 325: the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later ! 326: version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program ! 327: does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose ! 328: any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. ! 329: ! 330: 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free ! 331: programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the ! 332: author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted ! 333: by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software ! 334: Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision ! 335: will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of ! 336: all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing ! 337: and reuse of software generally. ! 338: ! 339: NO WARRANTY ! 340: ! 341: 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO ! 342: WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE ! 343: LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT ! 344: HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT ! 345: WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT ! 346: NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND ! 347: FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE ! 348: QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE ! 349: PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY ! 350: SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. ! 351: ! 352: 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN ! 353: WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY ! 354: MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE ! 355: LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, ! 356: INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR ! 357: INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF ! 358: DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU ! 359: OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY ! 360: OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ! 361: ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. ! 362: ! 363: END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS ! 364: ! 365: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs ! 366: ============================================= ! 367: ! 368: If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest ! 369: possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it ! 370: free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these ! 371: terms. ! 372: ! 373: To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest ! 374: to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively ! 375: convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least ! 376: the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. ! 377: ! 378: ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. ! 379: Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR ! 380: ! 381: This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify ! 382: it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by ! 383: the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or ! 384: (at your option) any later version. ! 385: ! 386: This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ! 387: but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ! 388: MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the ! 389: GNU General Public License for more details. ! 390: ! 391: You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License ! 392: along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software ! 393: Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ! 394: ! 395: Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper ! 396: mail. ! 397: ! 398: If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like ! 399: this when it starts in an interactive mode: ! 400: ! 401: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR ! 402: Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details ! 403: type `show w'. ! 404: This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it ! 405: under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. ! 406: ! 407: The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the ! 408: appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the ! 409: commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show ! 410: c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your ! 411: program. ! 412: ! 413: You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or ! 414: your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, ! 415: if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: ! 416: ! 417: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program ! 418: `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. ! 419: ! 420: SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989 ! 421: Ty Coon, President of Vice ! 422: ! 423: This General Public License does not permit incorporating your ! 424: program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine ! 425: library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary ! 426: applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the ! 427: GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. ! 428: ! 429: ! 430: File: gcc.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Boycott, Prev: Copying, Up: Top ! 431: ! 432: Contributors to GNU CC ! 433: ********************** ! 434: ! 435: In addition to Richard Stallman, several people have written parts ! 436: of GNU CC. ! 437: ! 438: * The idea of using RTL and some of the optimization ideas came from ! 439: the program PO written at the University of Arizona by Jack ! 440: Davidson and Christopher Fraser. See "Register Allocation and ! 441: Exhaustive Peephole Optimization", Software Practice and ! 442: Experience 14 (9), Sept. 1984, 857-866. ! 443: ! 444: * Paul Rubin wrote most of the preprocessor. ! 445: ! 446: * Leonard Tower wrote parts of the parser, RTL generator, and RTL ! 447: definitions, and of the Vax machine description. ! 448: ! 449: * Ted Lemon wrote parts of the RTL reader and printer. ! 450: ! 451: * Jim Wilson implemented loop strength reduction and some other loop ! 452: optimizations. ! 453: ! 454: * Nobuyuki Hikichi of Software Research Associates, Tokyo, ! 455: contributed the support for the Sony NEWS machine. ! 456: ! 457: * Charles LaBrec contributed the support for the Integrated Solutions ! 458: 68020 system. ! 459: ! 460: * Michael Tiemann of Cygnus Support wrote the front end for C++, as ! 461: well as the support for inline functions and instruction ! 462: scheduling. Also the descriptions of the National Semiconductor ! 463: 32000 series cpu, the SPARC cpu and part of the Motorola 88000 cpu. ! 464: ! 465: * Jan Stein of the Chalmers Computer Society provided support for ! 466: Genix, as well as part of the 32000 machine description. ! 467: ! 468: * Randy Smith finished the Sun FPA support. ! 469: ! 470: * Robert Brown implemented the support for Encore 32000 systems. ! 471: ! 472: * David Kashtan of SRI adapted GNU CC to the Vomit-Making System ! 473: (VMS). ! 474: ! 475: * Alex Crain provided changes for the 3b1. ! 476: ! 477: * Greg Satz and Chris Hanson assisted in making GNU CC work on HP-UX ! 478: for the 9000 series 300. ! 479: ! 480: * William Schelter did most of the work on the Intel 80386 support. ! 481: ! 482: * Christopher Smith did the port for Convex machines. ! 483: ! 484: * Paul Petersen wrote the machine description for the Alliant FX/8. ! 485: ! 486: * Alain Lichnewsky ported GNU CC to the Mips cpu. ! 487: ! 488: * Devon Bowen, Dale Wiles and Kevin Zachmann ported GNU CC to the ! 489: Tahoe. ! 490: ! 491: * Jonathan Stone wrote the machine description for the Pyramid ! 492: computer. ! 493: ! 494: * Gary Miller ported GNU CC to Charles River Data Systems machines. ! 495: ! 496: * Richard Kenner of the New York University Ultracomputer Research ! 497: Laboratory wrote the machine descriptions for the AMD 29000, the ! 498: DEC Alpha, the IBM RT PC, and the IBM RS/6000 as well as the ! 499: support for instruction attributes. He also made changes to ! 500: better support RISC processors including changes to common ! 501: subexpression elimination, strength reduction, function calling ! 502: sequence handling, and condition code support, in addition to ! 503: generalizing the code for frame pointer elimination. ! 504: ! 505: * Richard Kenner and Michael Tiemann jointly developed reorg.c, the ! 506: delay slot scheduler. ! 507: ! 508: * Mike Meissner and Tom Wood of Data General finished the port to the ! 509: Motorola 88000. ! 510: ! 511: * Masanobu Yuhara of Fujitsu Laboratories implemented the machine ! 512: description for the Tron architecture (specifically, the Gmicro). ! 513: ! 514: * NeXT, Inc. donated the front end that supports the Objective C ! 515: language. ! 516: ! 517: * James van Artsdalen wrote the code that makes efficient use of the ! 518: Intel 80387 register stack. ! 519: ! 520: * Mike Meissner at the Open Software Foundation finished the port to ! 521: the MIPS cpu, including adding ECOFF debug support. ! 522: ! 523: * Ron Guilmette implemented the `protoize' and `unprotoize' tools, ! 524: the support for Dwarf symbolic debugging information, and much of ! 525: the support for System V Release 4. He has also worked heavily on ! 526: the Intel 386 and 860 support. ! 527: ! 528: * Torbjorn Granlund of the Swedish Institute of Computer Science ! 529: implemented multiply-by-constant optimization and better long long ! 530: support, and improved leaf function register allocation. ! 531: ! 532: * Mike Stump implemented the support for Elxsi 64 bit CPU. ! 533: ! 534: * John Wehle added the machine description for the Western Electric ! 535: 32000 processor used in several 3b series machines (no relation to ! 536: the National Semiconductor 32000 processor). ! 537: ! 538: * Holger Teutsch provided the support for the Clipper cpu. ! 539: ! 540: * Kresten Krab Thorup wrote the run time support for the Objective C ! 541: language. ! 542: ! 543: * Stephen Moshier contributed the floating point emulator that ! 544: assists in cross-compilation and permits support for floating ! 545: point numbers wider than 64 bits. ! 546: ! 547: * David Edelsohn contributed the changes to RS/6000 port to make it ! 548: support the PowerPC and POWER2 architectures. ! 549: ! 550: * Steve Chamberlain wrote the support for the Hitachi SH processor. ! 551: ! 552: * Peter Schauer wrote the code to allow debugging to work on the ! 553: Alpha. ! 554: ! 555: ! 556: File: gcc.info, Node: Boycott, Next: G++ and GCC, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top ! 557: ! 558: Protect Your Freedom--Fight "Look And Feel" ! 559: ******************************************* ! 560: ! 561: This section is a political message from the League for Programming ! 562: Freedom to the users of GNU CC. It is included here as an ! 563: expression of support for the League on the part of the Free ! 564: Software Foundation. ! 565: ! 566: Apple and Lotus are trying to create a new form of legal monopoly: a ! 567: copyright on a class of user interfaces. These monopolies would cause ! 568: serious problems for users and developers of computer software and ! 569: systems. Xerox, too, has tried to make a monopoly for itself on window ! 570: systems; their suit against Apple was thrown out on a technicality, but ! 571: Xerox has not said anything to indicate it wouldn't try again. ! 572: ! 573: Until a few years ago, the law seemed clear: no one could restrict ! 574: others from using a user interface; programmers were free to implement ! 575: any interface they chose. Imitating interfaces, sometimes with changes, ! 576: was standard practice in the computer field. The interfaces we know ! 577: evolved gradually in this way; for example, the Macintosh user interface ! 578: drew ideas from the Xerox interface, which in turn drew on work done at ! 579: Stanford and SRI. 1-2-3 imitated VisiCalc, and dBase imitated a ! 580: database program from JPL. ! 581: ! 582: Most computer companies, and nearly all computer users, were happy ! 583: with this state of affairs. The companies that are suing say it does ! 584: not offer "enough incentive" to develop their products, but they must ! 585: have considered it "enough" when they made their decision to do so. It ! 586: seems they are not satisfied with the opportunity to continue to compete ! 587: in the marketplace--not even with a head start. ! 588: ! 589: If companies like Xerox, Lotus, and Apple are permitted to make law ! 590: through the courts, the precedent will hobble the software industry: ! 591: ! 592: * Gratuitous incompatibilities will burden users. Imagine if each ! 593: car manufacturer had to arrange the pedals in a different order. ! 594: ! 595: * Software will become and remain more expensive. Users will be ! 596: "locked in" to proprietary interfaces, for which there is no real ! 597: competition. ! 598: ! 599: * Large companies have an unfair advantage wherever lawsuits become ! 600: commonplace. Since they can easily afford to sue, they can ! 601: intimidate small companies with threats even when they don't ! 602: really have a case. ! 603: ! 604: * User interface improvements will come slower, since incremental ! 605: evolution through creative imitation will no longer be permitted. ! 606: ! 607: * Even Apple, etc., will find it harder to make improvements if they ! 608: can no longer adapt the good ideas that others introduce, for fear ! 609: of weakening their own legal positions. Some users suggest that ! 610: this stagnation may already have started. ! 611: ! 612: * If you use GNU software, you might find it of some concern that ! 613: user interface copyright will make it hard for the Free Software ! 614: Foundation to develop programs compatible with the interfaces that ! 615: you already know. ! 616: ! 617: To protect our freedom from lawsuits like these, a group of ! 618: programmers and users have formed a new grass-roots political ! 619: organization, the League for Programming Freedom. ! 620: ! 621: The purpose of the League is to oppose new monopolistic practices ! 622: such as user-interface copyright and software patents; it calls for a ! 623: return to the legal policies of the recent past, in which these ! 624: practices were not allowed. The League is not concerned with free ! 625: software as an issue, and not affiliated with the Free Software ! 626: Foundation. ! 627: ! 628: The League's membership rolls include John McCarthy, inventor of ! 629: Lisp, Marvin Minsky, founder of the Artificial Intelligence lab, Guy L. ! 630: Steele, Jr., author of well-known books on Lisp and C, as well as ! 631: Richard Stallman, the developer of GNU CC. Please join and add your ! 632: name to the list. Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for ! 633: programmers, managers and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for ! 634: others. ! 635: ! 636: The League needs both activist members and members who only pay their ! 637: dues. ! 638: ! 639: To join, or for more information, phone (617) 243-4091 or write to: ! 640: ! 641: League for Programming Freedom ! 642: 1 Kendall Square #143 ! 643: P.O. Box 9171 ! 644: Cambridge, MA 02139 ! 645: ! 646: You can also send electronic mail to `[email protected]'. ! 647: ! 648: Here are some suggestions from the League for things you can do to ! 649: protect your freedom to write programs: ! 650: ! 651: * Don't buy from Xerox, Lotus or Apple. Buy from their competitors ! 652: or from the defendants they are suing. ! 653: ! 654: * Don't develop software to work with the systems made by these ! 655: companies. ! 656: ! 657: * Port your existing software to competing systems, so that you ! 658: encourage users to switch. ! 659: ! 660: * Write letters to company presidents to let them know their conduct ! 661: is unacceptable. ! 662: ! 663: * Tell your friends and colleagues about this issue and how it ! 664: threatens to ruin the computer industry. ! 665: ! 666: * Above all, don't work for the look-and-feel plaintiffs, and don't ! 667: accept contracts from them. ! 668: ! 669: * Write to Congress to explain the importance of this issue. ! 670: ! 671: House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property ! 672: 2137 Rayburn Bldg ! 673: Washington, DC 20515 ! 674: ! 675: Senate Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights ! 676: United States Senate ! 677: Washington, DC 20510 ! 678: ! 679: (These committees have received lots of mail already; let's give ! 680: them even more.) ! 681: ! 682: Express your opinion! You can make a difference. ! 683: ! 684: ! 685: File: gcc.info, Node: G++ and GCC, Next: Invoking GCC, Prev: Boycott, Up: Top ! 686: ! 687: Compile C, C++, or Objective C ! 688: ****************************** ! 689: ! 690: The C, C++, and Objective C versions of the compiler are integrated; ! 691: the GNU C compiler can compile programs written in C, C++, or Objective ! 692: C. ! 693: ! 694: "GCC" is a common shorthand term for the GNU C compiler. This is ! 695: both the most general name for the compiler, and the name used when the ! 696: emphasis is on compiling C programs. ! 697: ! 698: When referring to C++ compilation, it is usual to call the compiler ! 699: "G++". Since there is only one compiler, it is also accurate to call ! 700: it "GCC" no matter what the language context; however, the term "G++" ! 701: is more useful when the emphasis is on compiling C++ programs. ! 702: ! 703: G++ is a *compiler*, not merely a preprocessor. G++ builds object ! 704: code directly from your C++ program source. There is no intermediate C ! 705: version of the program. (By contrast, for example, some other ! 706: implementations use a program that generates a C program from your C++ ! 707: source.) Avoiding an intermediate C representation of the program means ! 708: that you get better object code, and better debugging information. The ! 709: GNU debugger, GDB, works with this information in the object code to ! 710: give you comprehensive C++ source-level editing capabilities (*note C ! 711: and C++: (gdb.info)C.). ! 712: ! 713: ! 714: File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking GCC, Next: Installation, Prev: G++ and GCC, Up: Top ! 715: ! 716: GNU CC Command Options ! 717: ********************** ! 718: ! 719: When you invoke GNU CC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation, ! 720: assembly and linking. The "overall options" allow you to stop this ! 721: process at an intermediate stage. For example, the `-c' option says ! 722: not to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output ! 723: by the assembler. ! 724: ! 725: Other options are passed on to one stage of processing. Some options ! 726: control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself. Yet other ! 727: options control the assembler and linker; most of these are not ! 728: documented here, since you rarely need to use any of them. ! 729: ! 730: Most of the command line options that you can use with GNU CC are ! 731: useful for C programs; when an option is only useful with another ! 732: language (usually C++), the explanation says so explicitly. If the ! 733: description for a particular option does not mention a source language, ! 734: you can use that option with all supported languages. ! 735: ! 736: *Note Compiling C++ Programs: Invoking G++, for a summary of special ! 737: options for compiling C++ programs. ! 738: ! 739: The `gcc' program accepts options and file names as operands. Many ! 740: options have multiletter names; therefore multiple single-letter options ! 741: may *not* be grouped: `-dr' is very different from `-d -r'. ! 742: ! 743: You can mix options and other arguments. For the most part, the ! 744: order you use doesn't matter. Order does matter when you use several ! 745: options of the same kind; for example, if you specify `-L' more than ! 746: once, the directories are searched in the order specified. ! 747: ! 748: Many options have long names starting with `-f' or with `-W'--for ! 749: example, `-fforce-mem', `-fstrength-reduce', `-Wformat' and so on. ! 750: Most of these have both positive and negative forms; the negative form ! 751: of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. This manual documents only one of ! 752: these two forms, whichever one is not the default. ! 753: ! 754: * Menu: ! 755: ! 756: * Option Summary:: Brief list of all options, without explanations. ! 757: * Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output: ! 758: an executable, object files, assembler files, ! 759: or preprocessed source. ! 760: * Invoking G++:: Compiling C++ programs. ! 761: * C Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of C language compiled. ! 762: * C++ Dialect Options:: Variations on C++. ! 763: * Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? ! 764: * Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. ! 765: * Optimize Options:: How much optimization? ! 766: * Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions. ! 767: Also, getting dependency information for Make. ! 768: * Assembler Options:: Passing options to the assembler. ! 769: * Link Options:: Specifying libraries and so on. ! 770: * Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries. ! 771: Where to find the compiler executable files. ! 772: * Target Options:: Running a cross-compiler, or an old version of GNU CC. ! 773: * Submodel Options:: Specifying minor hardware or convention variations, ! 774: such as 68010 vs 68020. ! 775: * Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout ! 776: and register usage. ! 777: * Environment Variables:: Env vars that affect GNU CC. ! 778: * Running Protoize:: Automatically adding or removing function prototypes. ! 779: ! 780: ! 781: File: gcc.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Overall Options, Up: Invoking GCC ! 782: ! 783: Option Summary ! 784: ============== ! 785: ! 786: Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type. Explanations ! 787: are in the following sections. ! 788: ! 789: *Overall Options* ! 790: *Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output: Overall Options. ! 791: -c -S -E -o FILE -pipe -v -x LANGUAGE ! 792: ! 793: *C Language Options* ! 794: *Note Options Controlling C Dialect: C Dialect Options. ! 795: -ansi -fcond-mismatch -fno-asm -fno-builtin ! 796: -fsigned-bitfields -fsigned-char ! 797: -funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char -fwritable-strings ! 798: -traditional -traditional-cpp -trigraphs ! 799: ! 800: *C++ Language Options* ! 801: *Note Options Controlling C++ Dialect: C++ Dialect Options. ! 802: -fall-virtual -fdollars-in-identifiers ! 803: -felide-constructors -fenum-int-equiv ! 804: -fexternal-templates -fmemoize-lookups ! 805: -fno-strict-prototype -fnonnull-objects ! 806: -fthis-is-variable -nostdinc++ ! 807: ! 808: *Warning Options* ! 809: *Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options. ! 810: -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors ! 811: -w -W -Wall -Waggregate-return -Wcast-align ! 812: -Wcast-qual -Wchar-subscript -Wcomment -Wconversion ! 813: -Wenum-clash -Werror -Wformat -Wid-clash-LEN ! 814: -Wimplicit -Wimport -Winline -Wmissing-prototypes ! 815: -Wnested-externs -Woverloaded-virtual -Wparentheses ! 816: -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls -Wreturn-type ! 817: -Wshadow -Wstrict-prototypes -Wswitch ! 818: -Wtemplate-debugging -Wtraditional -Wtrigraphs ! 819: -Wuninitialized -Wunused -Wwrite-strings ! 820: ! 821: *Debugging Options* ! 822: *Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC: Debugging Options. ! 823: -a -dLETTERS -fpretend-float ! 824: -g -gLEVEL -ggdb -gdwarf -gdwarf+ ! 825: -gstabs -gstabs+ -gcoff -gxcoff -gxcoff+ ! 826: -p -pg -save-temps -print-libgcc-file-name ! 827: ! 828: *Optimization Options* ! 829: *Note Options that Control Optimization: Optimize Options. ! 830: -fcaller-saves -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks ! 831: -fdelayed-branch -fexpensive-optimizations ! 832: -ffast-math -ffloat-store -fforce-addr -fforce-mem ! 833: -finline-functions -fkeep-inline-functions ! 834: -fno-default-inline -fno-defer-pop -fno-function-cse ! 835: -fno-inline -fno-peephole -fomit-frame-pointer ! 836: -frerun-cse-after-loop -fschedule-insns ! 837: -fschedule-insns2 -fstrength-reduce -fthread-jumps ! 838: -funroll-all-loops -funroll-loops ! 839: -O -O2 ! 840: ! 841: *Preprocessor Options* ! 842: *Note Options Controlling the Preprocessor: Preprocessor Options. ! 843: -AASSERTION -C -dD -dM -dN ! 844: -DMACRO[=DEFN] -E -H ! 845: -idirafter DIR ! 846: -include FILE -imacros FILE ! 847: -iprefix FILE -iwithprefix DIR ! 848: -iwithprefixbefore DIR ! 849: -M -MD -MM -MMD -nostdinc -P -trigraphs -UMACRO ! 850: ! 851: *Assembler Option* ! 852: *Note Passing Options to the Assembler: Assembler Options. ! 853: -Wa,OPTION ! 854: ! 855: *Linker Options* ! 856: *Note Options for Linking: Link Options. ! 857: OBJECT-FILE-NAME ! 858: -lLIBRARY -nostartfiles -nostdlib ! 859: -static -shared -symbolic ! 860: -Wl,OPTION -Xlinker OPTION ! 861: -u SYMBOL ! 862: ! 863: *Directory Options* ! 864: *Note Options for Directory Search: Directory Options. ! 865: -BPREFIX -IDIR -I- -LDIR ! 866: ! 867: *Target Options* ! 868: *Note Target Options::. ! 869: -b MACHINE -V VERSION ! 870: ! 871: *Machine Dependent Options* ! 872: *Note Hardware Models and Configurations: Submodel Options. ! 873: *M680x0 Options* ! 874: -m68000 -m68020 -m68020-40 -m68030 -m68040 -m68881 ! 875: -mbitfield -mc68000 -mc68020 -mfpa -mnobitfield ! 876: -mrtd -mshort -msoft-float ! 877: ! 878: *VAX Options* ! 879: -mg -mgnu -munix ! 880: ! 881: *SPARC Options* ! 882: -mepilogue -mfpu -mhard-float ! 883: -mno-fpu -mno-epilogue -msoft-float ! 884: -msparclite -mv8 ! 885: ! 886: *Convex Options* ! 887: -mc1 -mc2 -mc32 -mc34 -mc38 ! 888: -margcount -mnoargcount ! 889: -mlong32 -mlong64 ! 890: -mbolatile-cache -mvolatile-nocache ! 891: ! 892: *AMD29K Options* ! 893: -m29000 -m29050 -mbw -mdw -mkernel-registers ! 894: -mlarge -mnbw -mnodw -mnormal -msmall -mstack-check ! 895: -muser-registers ! 896: ! 897: *M88K Options* ! 898: -m88000 -m88100 -m88110 -mbig-pic ! 899: -mcheck-zero-division -mhandle-large-shift ! 900: -midentify-revision -mno-check-zero-division ! 901: -mno-ocs-debug-info -mno-ocs-frame-position ! 902: -mno-optimize-arg-area -mno-serialize-volatile ! 903: -mno-underscores -mocs-debug-info ! 904: -mocs-frame-position -moptimize-arg-area ! 905: -mserialize-volatile -mshort-data-NUM -msvr3 ! 906: -msvr4 -mtrap-large-shift -muse-div-instruction ! 907: -mversion-03.00 -mwarn-passed-structs ! 908: ! 909: *RS/6000 Options and PowerPC* ! 910: -mcpu=CPU TYPE ! 911: -mpower -mno-power -mpower2 -pno-power2 ! 912: -mpowerpc -mno-powerpc -mpowerpcsqr -mno-powerpcsqr ! 913: -mpowerpc64 -mno-powerpc64 ! 914: -mnew-mnemonics -mno-new-mnemonics ! 915: -mnormal-toc -mminimal-toc -mno-fop-in-toc ! 916: ! 917: *RT Options* ! 918: -mcall-lib-mul -mfp-arg-in-fpregs -mfp-arg-in-gregs ! 919: -mfull-fp-blocks -mhc-struct-return -min-line-mul ! 920: -mminimum-fp-blocks -mnohc-struct-return ! 921: ! 922: *MIPS Options* ! 923: -mcpu=CPU TYPE -mips2 -mips3 -mint64 ! 924: -mlong64 -mlonglong128 -mmips-as -mgas -mrnames ! 925: -mno-rnames -mgpopt -mno-gpopt -mstats -mno-stats ! 926: -mmemcpy -mno-memcpy -mno-mips-tfile -mmips-tfile ! 927: -msoft-float -mhard-float -mabicalls -mno-abicalls ! 928: -mhalf-pic -mno-half-pic -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls ! 929: -G NUM -nocpp ! 930: ! 931: *i386 Options* ! 932: -m486 -mno-486 -msoft-float -msvr3-shlib -mieee-fp ! 933: -mno-fp-ret-in-387 ! 934: ! 935: *HPPA Options* ! 936: -mpa-risc-1-0 ! 937: -mpa-risc-1-1 ! 938: -mlong-calls ! 939: -mdisable-fpregs ! 940: -mdisable-indexing ! 941: -mtrailing-colon ! 942: ! 943: *Intel 960 Options* ! 944: -mCPU TYPE ! 945: -mnumerics -msoft-float ! 946: -mcode-align -mno-code-align ! 947: -mleaf-procedures -mno-leaf-procedures ! 948: -mtail-call -mno-tail-call ! 949: -mcomplex-addr -mno-complex-addr ! 950: -mclean-linkage -mno-clean-linkage ! 951: -mic-compat -mic2.0-compat -mic3.0-compat ! 952: -masm-compat -mintel-asm ! 953: -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align ! 954: -mold-align -mno-old-align ! 955: ! 956: *DEC Alpha Options* ! 957: -mfp-regs -mno-fp-regs -mno-soft-float ! 958: -msoft-float ! 959: ! 960: *Clipper Options* ! 961: -mc300 -mc400 ! 962: ! 963: *System V Options* ! 964: -G -Qy -Qn -YP,PATHS -Ym,DIR ! 965: ! 966: *Code Generation Options* ! 967: *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: Code Gen Options. ! 968: -fcall-saved-REG -fcall-used-REG ! 969: -ffixed-REG -finhibit-size-directive ! 970: -fno-common -fno-ident ! 971: -fno-gnu-linker -fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC ! 972: -freg-struct-return -fshared-data -fshort-enums ! 973: -fshort-double -fvolatile -fvolatile-global ! 974: -fverbose-asm ! 975: ! 976: * Menu: ! 977: ! 978: * Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output: ! 979: an executable, object files, assembler files, ! 980: or preprocessed source. ! 981: * C Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of C language compiled. ! 982: * C++ Dialect Options:: Variations on C++. ! 983: * Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? ! 984: * Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. ! 985: * Optimize Options:: How much optimization? ! 986: * Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions. ! 987: Also, getting dependency information for Make. ! 988: * Assembler Options:: Passing options to the assembler. ! 989: * Link Options:: Specifying libraries and so on. ! 990: * Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries. ! 991: Where to find the compiler executable files. ! 992: * Target Options:: Running a cross-compiler, or an old version of GNU CC. ! 993: ! 994: ! 995: File: gcc.info, Node: Overall Options, Next: Invoking G++, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking GCC ! 996: ! 997: Options Controlling the Kind of Output ! 998: ====================================== ! 999: ! 1000: Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation ! 1001: proper, assembly and linking, always in that order. The first three ! 1002: stages apply to an individual source file, and end by producing an ! 1003: object file; linking combines all the object files (those newly ! 1004: compiled, and those specified as input) into an executable file. ! 1005: ! 1006: For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind ! 1007: of compilation is done: ! 1008: ! 1009: `FILE.c' ! 1010: C source code which must be preprocessed. ! 1011: ! 1012: `FILE.i' ! 1013: C source code which should not be preprocessed. ! 1014: ! 1015: `FILE.ii' ! 1016: C++ source code which should not be preprocessed. ! 1017: ! 1018: `FILE.m' ! 1019: Objective-C source code. Note that you must link with the library ! 1020: `libobjc.a' to make an Objective-C program work. ! 1021: ! 1022: `FILE.h' ! 1023: C header file (not to be compiled or linked). ! 1024: ! 1025: `FILE.cc' ! 1026: `FILE.cxx' ! 1027: `FILE.C' ! 1028: C++ source code which must be preprocessed. Note that in `.cxx', ! 1029: the last two letters must both be literally `x'. Likewise, `.C' ! 1030: refers to a literal capital C. ! 1031: ! 1032: `FILE.s' ! 1033: Assembler code. ! 1034: ! 1035: `FILE.S' ! 1036: Assembler code which must be preprocessed. ! 1037: ! 1038: `OTHER' ! 1039: An object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name ! 1040: with no recognized suffix is treated this way. ! 1041: ! 1042: You can specify the input language explicitly with the `-x' option: ! 1043: ! 1044: `-x LANGUAGE' ! 1045: Specify explicitly the LANGUAGE for the following input files ! 1046: (rather than letting the compiler choose a default based on the ! 1047: file name suffix). This option applies to all following input ! 1048: files until the next `-x' option. Possible values for LANGUAGE ! 1049: are: ! 1050: c objective-c c++ ! 1051: c-header cpp-output c++-cpp-output ! 1052: assembler assembler-with-cpp ! 1053: ! 1054: `-x none' ! 1055: Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files ! 1056: are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if ! 1057: `-x' has not been used at all). ! 1058: ! 1059: If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use `-x' ! 1060: (or filename suffixes) to tell `gcc' where to start, and one of the ! 1061: options `-c', `-S', or `-E' to say where `gcc' is to stop. Note that ! 1062: some combinations (for example, `-x cpp-output -E' instruct `gcc' to do ! 1063: nothing at all. ! 1064: ! 1065: `-c' ! 1066: Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. The linking ! 1067: stage simply is not done. The ultimate output is in the form of an ! 1068: object file for each source file. ! 1069: ! 1070: By default, the object file name for a source file is made by ! 1071: replacing the suffix `.c', `.i', `.s', etc., with `.o'. ! 1072: ! 1073: Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly, ! 1074: are ignored. ! 1075: ! 1076: `-S' ! 1077: Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The ! 1078: output is in the form of an assembler code file for each ! 1079: non-assembler input file specified. ! 1080: ! 1081: By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by ! 1082: replacing the suffix `.c', `.i', etc., with `.s'. ! 1083: ! 1084: Input files that don't require compilation are ignored. ! 1085: ! 1086: `-E' ! 1087: Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler ! 1088: proper. The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, ! 1089: which is sent to the standard output. ! 1090: ! 1091: Input files which don't require preprocessing are ignored. ! 1092: ! 1093: `-o FILE' ! 1094: Place output in file FILE. This applies regardless to whatever ! 1095: sort of output is being produced, whether it be an executable file, ! 1096: an object file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code. ! 1097: ! 1098: Since only one output file can be specified, it does not make ! 1099: sense to use `-o' when compiling more than one input file, unless ! 1100: you are producing an executable file as output. ! 1101: ! 1102: If `-o' is not specified, the default is to put an executable file ! 1103: in `a.out', the object file for `SOURCE.SUFFIX' in `SOURCE.o', its ! 1104: assembler file in `SOURCE.s', and all preprocessed C source on ! 1105: standard output. ! 1106: ! 1107: `-v' ! 1108: Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the ! 1109: stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the ! 1110: compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler ! 1111: proper. ! 1112: ! 1113: `-pipe' ! 1114: Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the ! 1115: various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems ! 1116: where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU ! 1117: assembler has no trouble. ! 1118:
This archive runs on limited infrastructure. Preserving old code on modern bandwidth. Automated agents are requested to crawl responsibly.