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1.1.1.5 ! root 1: This is mach.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.3 from mach.texi. 1.1 root 2: 3: This file documents the GNU Mach microkernel. 4: 1.1.1.5 ! root 5: This is edition 0.4, last updated on 14 December 2016, of 'The GNU ! 6: Mach Reference Manual', for version 1.8. 1.1 root 7: 8: Copyright (C) 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, 9: Inc. 10: 11: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this 12: document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, 13: Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software 14: Foundation; with no Invariant Section, with no Front-Cover Texts, 15: and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in 16: the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". 17: 18: This work is based on manual pages under the following copyright 19: and license: 20: 21: Mach Operating System 22: Copyright (C) 1991,1990 Carnegie Mellon University 23: All Rights Reserved. 24: 25: Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and 26: its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the 27: copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of 28: the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any 29: portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting 30: documentation. 31: 32: CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" 33: CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR 34: ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 35: INFO-DIR-SECTION Kernel 36: START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY 37: * GNUMach: (mach). Using and programming the GNU Mach microkernel. 38: END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY 39: 40: 1.1.1.2 root 41: File: mach.info, Node: Kernel Debugger, Next: Copying, Prev: Device Interface, Up: Top 42: 43: 11 Kernel Debugger 44: ****************** 45: 46: The GNU Mach kernel debugger 'ddb' is a powerful built-in debugger with 47: a gdb like syntax. It is enabled at compile time using the 48: '--enable-kdb' option. Whenever you want to enter the debugger while 49: running the kernel, you can press the key combination <Ctrl-Alt-D>. 50: 51: * Menu: 52: 53: * Operation:: Basic architecture of the kernel debugger. 54: * Commands:: Available commands in the kernel debugger. 55: * Variables:: Access of variables from the kernel debugger. 56: * Expressions:: Usage of expressions in the kernel debugger. 57: 58: 59: File: mach.info, Node: Operation, Next: Commands, Up: Kernel Debugger 60: 61: 11.1 Operation 62: ============== 63: 64: The current location is called "dot". The dot is displayed with a 65: hexadecimal format at a prompt. Examine and write commands update dot 66: to the address of the last line examined or the last location modified, 67: and set "next" to the address of the next location to be examined or 68: changed. Other commands don't change dot, and set next to be the same 69: as dot. 70: 71: The general command syntax is: 72: 73: COMMAND[/MODIFIER] ADDRESS [,COUNT] 74: 75: '!!' repeats the previous command, and a blank line repeats from the 76: address next with count 1 and no modifiers. Specifying ADDRESS sets dot 77: to the address. Omitting ADDRESS uses dot. A missing COUNT is taken to 78: be 1 for printing commands or infinity for stack traces. 79: 80: Current 'ddb' is enhanced to support multi-thread debugging. A break 81: point can be set only for a specific thread, and the address space or 82: registers of non current thread can be examined or modified if supported 83: by machine dependent routines. For example, 84: 85: break/t mach_msg_trap $task11.0 86: 87: sets a break point at 'mach_msg_trap' for the first thread of task 11 88: listed by a 'show all threads' command. 89: 90: In the above example, '$task11.0' is translated to the corresponding 91: thread structure's address by variable translation mechanism described 92: later. If a default target thread is set in a variable '$thread', the 93: '$task11.0' can be omitted. In general, if 't' is specified in a 94: modifier of a command line, a specified thread or a default target 95: thread is used as a target thread instead of the current one. The 't' 96: modifier in a command line is not valid in evaluating expressions in a 97: command line. If you want to get a value indirectly from a specific 98: thread's address space or access to its registers within an expression, 99: you have to specify a default target thread in advance, and to use ':t' 100: modifier immediately after the indirect access or the register reference 101: like as follows: 102: 103: set $thread $task11.0 104: print $eax:t *(0x100):tuh 105: 106: No sign extension and indirection 'size(long, half word, byte)' can 107: be specified with 'u', 'l', 'h' and 'b' respectively for the indirect 108: access. 109: 110: Note: Support of non current space/register access and user space 111: break point depend on the machines. If not supported, attempts of such 112: operation may provide incorrect information or may cause strange 113: behavior. Even if supported, the user space access is limited to the 114: pages resident in the main memory at that time. If a target page is not 115: in the main memory, an error will be reported. 116: 117: 'ddb' has a feature like a command 'more' for the output. If an 118: output line exceeds the number set in the '$lines' variable, it displays 119: '--db_more--' and waits for a response. The valid responses for it are: 120: 121: '<SPC>' 122: one more page 123: 124: '<RET>' 125: one more line 126: 127: 'q' 128: abort the current command, and return to the command input mode 129: 130: 1.1 root 131: File: mach.info, Node: Commands, Next: Variables, Prev: Operation, Up: Kernel Debugger 132: 133: 11.2 Commands 134: ============= 135: 136: 'examine(x) [/MODIFIER] ADDR[,COUNT] [ THREAD ]' 137: Display the addressed locations according to the formats in the 138: modifier. Multiple modifier formats display multiple locations. 139: If no format is specified, the last formats specified for this 140: command is used. Address space other than that of the current 141: thread can be specified with 't' option in the modifier and THREAD 142: parameter. The format characters are 143: 144: 'b' 145: look at by bytes(8 bits) 146: 147: 'h' 148: look at by half words(16 bits) 149: 150: 'l' 151: look at by long words(32 bits) 152: 153: 'a' 154: print the location being displayed 155: 156: ',' 157: skip one unit producing no output 158: 159: 'A' 160: print the location with a line number if possible 161: 162: 'x' 163: display in unsigned hex 164: 165: 'z' 166: display in signed hex 167: 168: 'o' 169: display in unsigned octal 170: 171: 'd' 172: display in signed decimal 173: 174: 'u' 175: display in unsigned decimal 176: 177: 'r' 178: display in current radix, signed 179: 180: 'c' 181: display low 8 bits as a character. Non-printing characters 182: are displayed as an octal escape code (e.g. '\000'). 183: 184: 's' 185: display the null-terminated string at the location. 186: Non-printing characters are displayed as octal escapes. 187: 188: 'm' 189: display in unsigned hex with character dump at the end of each 190: line. The location is also displayed in hex at the beginning 191: of each line. 192: 193: 'i' 194: display as an instruction 195: 196: 'I' 197: display as an instruction with possible alternate formats 198: depending on the machine: 199: 200: 'vax' 201: don't assume that each external label is a procedure 202: entry mask 203: 204: 'i386' 205: don't round to the next long word boundary 206: 207: 'mips' 208: print register contents 209: 210: 'xf' 211: Examine forward. It executes an examine command with the last 212: specified parameters to it except that the next address displayed 213: by it is used as the start address. 214: 215: 'xb' 216: Examine backward. It executes an examine command with the last 217: specified parameters to it except that the last start address 218: subtracted by the size displayed by it is used as the start 219: address. 220: 221: 'print[/axzodurc] ADDR1 [ ADDR2 ... ]' 222: Print ADDR's according to the modifier character. Valid formats 223: are: 'a' 'x' 'z' 'o' 'd' 'u' 'r' 'c'. If no modifier is specified, 224: the last one specified to it is used. ADDR can be a string, and it 225: is printed as it is. For example, 226: 227: print/x "eax = " $eax "\necx = " $ecx "\n" 228: 229: will print like 230: 231: eax = xxxxxx 232: ecx = yyyyyy 233: 234: 'write[/bhlt] ADDR [ THREAD ] EXPR1 [ EXPR2 ... ]' 235: Write the expressions at succeeding locations. The write unit size 236: can be specified in the modifier with a letter b (byte), h (half 237: word) or l(long word) respectively. If omitted, long word is 238: assumed. Target address space can also be specified with 't' 239: option in the modifier and THREAD parameter. Warning: since there 240: is no delimiter between expressions, strange things may happen. 241: It's best to enclose each expression in parentheses. 242: 243: 'set $VARIABLE [=] EXPR' 244: Set the named variable or register with the value of EXPR. Valid 245: variable names are described below. 246: 247: 'break[/tuTU] ADDR[,COUNT] [ THREAD1 ... ]' 248: Set a break point at ADDR. If count is supplied, continues 249: (COUNT-1) times before stopping at the break point. If the break 250: point is set, a break point number is printed with '#'. This 251: number can be used in deleting the break point or adding conditions 252: to it. 253: 254: 't' 255: Set a break point only for a specific thread. The thread is 256: specified by THREAD parameter, or default one is used if the 257: parameter is omitted. 258: 259: 'u' 260: Set a break point in user space address. It may be combined 261: with 't' or 'T' option to specify the non-current target user 262: space. Without 'u' option, the address is considered in the 263: kernel space, and wrong space address is rejected with an 264: error message. This option can be used only if it is 265: supported by machine dependent routines. 266: 267: 'T' 268: Set a break point only for threads in a specific task. It is 269: like 't' option except that the break point is valid for all 270: threads which belong to the same task as the specified target 271: thread. 272: 273: 'U' 274: Set a break point in shared user space address. It is like 275: 'u' option, except that the break point is valid for all 276: threads which share the same address space even if 't' option 277: is specified. 't' option is used only to specify the target 278: shared space. Without 't' option, 'u' and 'U' have the same 279: meanings. 'U' is useful for setting a user space break point 280: in non-current address space with 't' option such as in an 281: emulation library space. This option can be used only if it 282: is supported by machine dependent routines. 283: 284: Warning: if a user text is shadowed by a normal user space 285: debugger, user space break points may not work correctly. Setting 286: a break point at the low-level code paths may also cause strange 287: behavior. 288: 289: 'delete[/tuTU] ADDR|#NUMBER [ THREAD1 ... ]' 290: Delete the break point. The target break point can be specified by 291: a break point number with '#', or by ADDR like specified in 'break' 292: command. 293: 294: 'cond #NUMBER [ CONDITION COMMANDS ]' 295: Set or delete a condition for the break point specified by the 296: NUMBER. If the CONDITION and COMMANDS are null, the condition is 297: deleted. Otherwise the condition is set for it. When the break 298: point is hit, the CONDITION is evaluated. The COMMANDS will be 299: executed if the condition is true and the break point count set by 300: a break point command becomes zero. COMMANDS is a list of commands 301: separated by semicolons. Each command in the list is executed in 302: that order, but if a 'continue' command is executed, the command 303: execution stops there, and the stopped thread resumes execution. 304: If the command execution reaches the end of the list, and it enters 305: into a command input mode. For example, 306: 307: set $work0 0 308: break/Tu xxx_start $task7.0 309: cond #1 (1) set $work0 1; set $work1 0; cont 310: break/T vm_fault $task7.0 311: cond #2 ($work0) set $work1 ($work1+1); cont 312: break/Tu xxx_end $task7.0 313: cond #3 ($work0) print $work1 " faults\n"; set $work0 0 314: cont 315: 316: will print page fault counts from 'xxx_start' to 'xxx_end' in 317: 'task7'. 318: 319: 'step[/p] [,COUNT]' 320: Single step COUNT times. If 'p' option is specified, print each 321: instruction at each step. Otherwise, only print the last 322: instruction. 323: 324: Warning: depending on machine type, it may not be possible to 325: single-step through some low-level code paths or user space code. 326: On machines with software-emulated single-stepping (e.g., pmax), 327: stepping through code executed by interrupt handlers will probably 328: do the wrong thing. 329: 330: 'continue[/c]' 331: Continue execution until a breakpoint or watchpoint. If '/c', 332: count instructions while executing. Some machines (e.g., pmax) 333: also count loads and stores. 334: 335: Warning: when counting, the debugger is really silently 336: single-stepping. This means that single-stepping on low-level code 337: may cause strange behavior. 338: 339: 'until' 340: Stop at the next call or return instruction. 341: 342: 'next[/p]' 343: Stop at the matching return instruction. If 'p' option is 344: specified, print the call nesting depth and the cumulative 345: instruction count at each call or return. Otherwise, only print 346: when the matching return is hit. 347: 348: 'match[/p]' 349: A synonym for 'next'. 350: 351: 'trace[/tu] [ FRAME_ADDR|THREAD ][,COUNT]' 352: Stack trace. 'u' option traces user space; if omitted, only traces 353: kernel space. If 't' option is specified, it shows the stack trace 354: of the specified thread or a default target thread. Otherwise, it 355: shows the stack trace of the current thread from the frame address 356: specified by a parameter or from the current frame. COUNT is the 357: number of frames to be traced. If the COUNT is omitted, all frames 358: are printed. 359: 360: Warning: If the target thread's stack is not in the main memory at 361: that time, the stack trace will fail. User space stack trace is 362: valid only if the machine dependent code supports it. 363: 364: 'search[/bhl] ADDR VALUE [MASK] [,COUNT]' 365: Search memory for a value. This command might fail in interesting 366: ways if it doesn't find the searched-for value. This is because 367: 'ddb' doesn't always recover from touching bad memory. The 368: optional count argument limits the search. 369: 370: 'macro NAME COMMANDS' 371: Define a debugger macro as NAME. COMMANDS is a list of commands to 372: be associated with the macro. In the expressions of the command 373: list, a variable '$argxx' can be used to get a parameter passed to 374: the macro. When a macro is called, each argument is evaluated as 375: an expression, and the value is assigned to each parameter, 376: '$arg1', '$arg2', ... respectively. 10 '$arg' variables are 377: reserved to each level of macros, and they can be used as local 378: variables. The nesting of macro can be allowed up to 5 levels. 379: For example, 380: 381: macro xinit set $work0 $arg1 382: macro xlist examine/m $work0,4; set $work0 *($work0) 383: xinit *(xxx_list) 384: xlist 385: ... 386: 387: will print the contents of a list starting from 'xxx_list' by each 388: 'xlist' command. 389: 390: 'dmacro NAME' 391: Delete the macro named NAME. 392: 393: 'show all threads[/ul]' 394: Display all tasks and threads information. This version of 'ddb' 395: prints more information than previous one. It shows UNIX process 396: information like 'ps' for each task. The UNIX process information 397: may not be shown if it is not supported in the machine, or the 398: bottom of the stack of the target task is not in the main memory at 399: that time. It also shows task and thread identification numbers. 400: These numbers can be used to specify a task or a thread 401: symbolically in various commands. The numbers are valid only in 402: the same debugger session. If the execution is resumed again, the 403: numbers may change. The current thread can be distinguished from 404: others by a '#' after the thread id instead of ':'. Without 'l' 405: option, it only shows thread id, thread structure address and the 1.1.1.2 root 406: status for each thread. The status consists of 6 letters, R(run), 407: W(wait), S(suspended), O(swapped out), N(interruptible), and 408: F(loating) point arithmetic used (if supported by the platform). 409: If the corresponding status bit is off, '.' is printed instead. If 410: 'l' option is specified, more detail information is printed for 411: each thread. 1.1 root 412: 413: 'show task [ ADDR ]' 414: Display the information of a task specified by ADDR. If ADDR is 415: omitted, current task information is displayed. 416: 417: 'show thread [ ADDR ]' 418: Display the information of a thread specified by ADDR. If ADDR is 419: omitted, current thread information is displayed. 420: 421: 'show registers[/tu [ THREAD ]]' 422: Display the register set. Target thread can be specified with 't' 423: option and THREAD parameter. If 'u' option is specified, it 424: displays user registers instead of kernel or currently saved one. 425: 426: Warning: The support of 't' and 'u' option depends on the machine. 427: If not supported, incorrect information will be displayed. 428: 429: 'show map ADDR' 430: Prints the 'vm_map' at ADDR. 431: 432: 'show object ADDR' 433: Prints the 'vm_object' at ADDR. 434: 435: 'show page ADDR' 436: Prints the 'vm_page' structure at ADDR. 437: 438: 'show port ADDR' 439: Prints the 'ipc_port' structure at ADDR. 440: 441: 'show ipc_port[/t [ THREAD ]]' 442: Prints all 'ipc_port' structure's addresses the target thread has. 443: The target thread is a current thread or that specified by a 444: parameter. 445: 446: 'show macro [ NAME ]' 447: Show the definitions of macros. If NAME is specified, only the 448: definition of it is displayed. Otherwise, definitions of all 449: macros are displayed. 450: 451: 'show watches' 452: Displays all watchpoints. 453: 454: 'watch[/T] ADDR,SIZE [ TASK ]' 455: Set a watchpoint for a region. Execution stops when an attempt to 456: modify the region occurs. The SIZE argument defaults to 4. 457: Without 'T' option, ADDR is assumed to be a kernel address. If you 458: want to set a watch point in user space, specify 'T' and TASK 459: parameter where the address belongs to. If the TASK parameter is 460: omitted, a task of the default target thread or a current task is 461: assumed. If you specify a wrong space address, the request is 462: rejected with an error message. 463: 464: Warning: Attempts to watch wired kernel memory may cause 465: unrecoverable error in some systems such as i386. Watchpoints on 466: user addresses work best. 467: 468: 'dwatch[/T] ADDR [ TASK ]' 469: Clears a watchpoint previously set for a region. Without 'T' 470: option, ADDR is assumed to be a kernel address. If you want to 471: clear a watch point in user space, specify 'T' and TASK parameter 472: where the address belongs to. If the TASK parameter is omitted, a 473: task of the default target thread or a current task is assumed. If 474: you specify a wrong space address, the request is rejected with an 475: error message. 476: 477: 478: File: mach.info, Node: Variables, Next: Expressions, Prev: Commands, Up: Kernel Debugger 479: 480: 11.3 Variables 481: ============== 482: 483: The debugger accesses registers and variables as $NAME. Register names 484: are as in the 'show registers' command. Some variables are suffixed 485: with numbers, and may have some modifier following a colon immediately 486: after the variable name. For example, register variables can have 'u' 487: and 't' modifier to indicate user register and that of a default target 488: thread instead of that of the current thread (e.g. '$eax:tu'). 489: 490: Built-in variables currently supported are: 491: 492: 'taskXX[.YY]' 493: Task or thread structure address. XX and YY are task and thread 494: identification numbers printed by a 'show all threads' command 495: respectively. This variable is read only. 496: 497: 'thread' 498: The default target thread. The value is used when 't' option is 499: specified without explicit thread structure address parameter in 500: command lines or expression evaluation. 501: 502: 'radix' 503: Input and output radix 504: 505: 'maxoff' 506: Addresses are printed as SYMBOL+OFFSET unless offset is greater 507: than maxoff. 508: 509: 'maxwidth' 510: The width of the displayed line. 511: 512: 'lines' 513: The number of lines. It is used by 'more' feature. 514: 515: 'tabstops' 516: Tab stop width. 517: 518: 'argXX' 519: Parameters passed to a macro. XX can be 1 to 10. 520: 521: 'workXX' 522: Work variable. XX can be 0 to 31. 523: 524: 525: File: mach.info, Node: Expressions, Prev: Variables, Up: Kernel Debugger 526: 527: 11.4 Expressions 528: ================ 529: 530: Almost all expression operators in C are supported except '~', '^', and 531: unary '&'. Special rules in 'ddb' are: 532: 533: 'IDENTIFIER' 534: name of a symbol. It is translated to the address(or value) of it. 535: '.' and ':' can be used in the identifier. If supported by an 536: object format dependent routine, [FILE_NAME:]FUNC[:LINE_NUMBER] 537: [FILE_NAME:]VARIABLE, and FILE_NAME[:LINE_NUMBER] can be accepted 538: as a symbol. The symbol may be prefixed with 'SYMBOL_TABLE_NAME::' 539: like 'emulator::mach_msg_trap' to specify other than kernel 540: symbols. 541: 542: 'NUMBER' 543: radix is determined by the first two letters: 544: '0x' 545: hex 546: '0o' 547: octal 548: '0t' 549: decimal 550: 551: otherwise, follow current radix. 552: 553: '.' 554: dot 555: 556: '+' 557: next 558: 559: '..' 560: address of the start of the last line examined. Unlike dot or 561: next, this is only changed by 'examine' or 'write' command. 562: 563: '�' 564: last address explicitly specified. 565: 566: '$VARIABLE' 567: register name or variable. It is translated to the value of it. 568: It may be followed by a ':' and modifiers as described above. 569: 570: 'a' 571: multiple of right hand side. 572: 573: '*EXPR' 574: indirection. It may be followed by a ':' and modifiers as 575: described above. 576: 577: 578: File: mach.info, Node: Copying, Next: Documentation License, Prev: Kernel Debugger, Up: Top 579: 580: GNU General Public License 581: ************************** 582: 583: Version 2, June 1991 584: 585: Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 586: 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA 587: 588: Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 589: of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 590: 591: Preamble 592: ======== 593: 594: The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to 595: share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is 596: intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to 597: make sure the software is free for all its users. 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You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, 721: under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms 722: of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the 723: following: 724: 725: a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable 726: source code, which must be distributed under the terms of 727: Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for 728: software interchange; or, 729: 730: b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three 731: years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your 732: cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete 733: machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be 734: distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a 735: medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 736: 737: c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer 738: to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is 739: allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you 740: received the program in object code or executable form with 741: such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) 742: 743: The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for 744: making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete 745: source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, 746: plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts 747: used to control compilation and installation of the executable. 748: However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need 749: not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source 750: or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so 751: on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless 752: that component itself accompanies the executable. 753: 754: If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering 755: access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent 756: access to copy the source code from the same place counts as 757: distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not 758: compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 759: 760: 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program 761: except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 762: otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is 763: void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this 764: License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, 765: from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated 766: so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 767: 768: 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not 769: signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify 770: or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions 771: are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. 772: Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work 773: based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License 774: to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, 775: distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 776: 777: 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the 778: Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the 779: original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject 780: to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further 781: restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted 782: herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third 783: parties to this License. 784: 785: 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent 786: infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent 787: issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, 788: agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this 789: License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this 790: License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously 791: your obligations under this License and any other pertinent 792: obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the 793: Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit 794: royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive 795: copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you 796: could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely 797: from distribution of the Program. 798: 799: If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable 800: under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is 801: intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply 802: in other circumstances. 803: 804: It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any 805: patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of 806: any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting 807: the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is 808: implemented by public license practices. Many people have made 809: generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed 810: through that system in reliance on consistent application of that 811: system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is 812: willing to distribute software through any other system and a 813: licensee cannot impose that choice. 814: 815: This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed 816: to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 817: 818: 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in 819: certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, 820: the original copyright holder who places the Program under this 821: License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation 822: excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only 823: in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this 824: License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of 825: this License. 826: 827: 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new 828: versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new 829: versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 830: differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. 831: 832: Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the 833: Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to 834: it and "any later version", you have the option of following the 835: terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version 836: published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not 837: specify a version number of this License, you may choose any 838: version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 839: 840: 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free 841: programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the 842: author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by 843: the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software 844: Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision 845: will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of 846: all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing 847: and reuse of software generally. 848: 849: 11. NO WARRANTY 850: 851: BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO 852: WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE 853: LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS 854: AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY 855: OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT 856: LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS 857: FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND 858: PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE 859: DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR 860: OR CORRECTION. 861: 862: 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN 863: WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY 864: MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE 865: LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, 866: INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR 867: INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF 868: DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU 869: OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY 870: OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN 871: ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 872: 873: END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 874: 875: Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 876: ======================================================= 877: 878: If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 879: possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 880: free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these 881: terms. 882: 883: To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 884: to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 885: convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the 886: "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 887: 888: ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. 889: Copyright (C) YYYY NAME OF AUTHOR 890: 891: This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify 892: it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by 893: the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or 894: (at your option) any later version. 895: 896: This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 897: but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 898: MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 899: GNU General Public License for more details. 900: 901: You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 902: along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software 903: Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. 904: 905: Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper 906: mail. 907: 908: If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like 909: this when it starts in an interactive mode: 910: 911: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR 912: Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. 913: This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it 914: under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. 915: 916: The hypothetical commands 'show w' and 'show c' should show the 917: appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the 918: commands you use may be called something other than 'show w' and 'show 919: c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your 920: program. 921: 922: You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or 923: your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, 924: if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: 925: 926: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program 927: `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. 928: 929: SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989 930: Ty Coon, President of Vice 931: 932: This General Public License does not permit incorporating your 933: program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine 934: library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary 935: applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the 936: GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. 937: 938: 939: File: mach.info, Node: Documentation License, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Copying, Up: Top 940: 941: Appendix A Documentation License 942: ******************************** 943: 944: This manual is copyrighted and licensed under the GNU Free Documentation 945: license. 946: 947: Parts of this manual are derived from the Mach manual packages 948: originally provided by Carnegie Mellon University. 949: 950: * Menu: 951: 952: * GNU Free Documentation License:: The GNU Free Documentation License. 953: * CMU License:: The CMU license applies to the original Mach 954: kernel and its documentation. 955: 956: 957: File: mach.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: CMU License, Up: Documentation License 958: 959: A.1 GNU Free Documentation License 960: ================================== 961: 962: Version 1.2, November 2002 963: 964: Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 965: 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA 966: 967: Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 968: of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 969: 970: 0. PREAMBLE 971: 972: The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 973: functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to 974: assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, 975: with or without modifying it, either commercially or 976: noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the 977: author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not 978: being considered responsible for modifications made by others. 979: 980: This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative 981: works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. 982: It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 983: license designed for free software. 984: 985: We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for 986: free software, because free software needs free documentation: a 987: free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms 988: that the software does. But this License is not limited to 989: software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless 990: of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We 991: recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is 992: instruction or reference. 993: 994: 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 995: 996: This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, 997: that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can 998: be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice 999: grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, 1000: to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The 1001: "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member 1002: of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept 1003: the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way 1004: requiring permission under copyright law. 1005: 1006: A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the 1007: Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 1008: modifications and/or translated into another language. 1009: 1010: A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section 1011: of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 1012: publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall 1013: subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could 1014: fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document 1015: is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not 1016: explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of 1017: historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or 1018: of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position 1019: regarding them. 1020: 1021: The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose 1022: titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the 1023: notice that says that the Document is released under this License. 1024: If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it 1025: is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may 1026: contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify 1027: any Invariant Sections then there are none. 1028: 1029: The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are 1030: listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice 1031: that says that the Document is released under this License. A 1032: Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may 1033: be at most 25 words. 1034: 1035: A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 1036: represented in a format whose specification is available to the 1037: general public, that is suitable for revising the document 1038: straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed 1039: of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely 1040: available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text 1041: formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats 1042: suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise 1043: Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has 1044: been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by 1045: readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if 1046: used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not 1047: "Transparent" is called "Opaque". 1048: 1049: Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 1050: ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, 1051: SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming 1052: simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. 1053: Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. 1054: Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and 1055: edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which 1056: the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and 1057: the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word 1058: processors for output purposes only. 1059: 1060: The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 1061: plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the 1062: material this License requires to appear in the title page. For 1063: works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title 1064: Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the 1065: work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 1066: 1067: A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document 1068: whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses 1069: following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ 1070: stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as 1071: "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) 1072: To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the 1073: Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according 1074: to this definition. 1075: 1076: The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice 1077: which states that this License applies to the Document. These 1078: Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in 1079: this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 1080: implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and 1081: has no effect on the meaning of this License. 1082: 1083: 2. VERBATIM COPYING 1084: 1085: You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 1086: commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 1087: copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License 1088: applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you 1089: add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You 1090: may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading 1091: or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, 1092: you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you 1093: distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the 1094: conditions in section 3. 1095: 1096: You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, 1097: and you may publicly display copies. 1098: 1099: 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY 1100: 1101: If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly 1102: have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and 1103: the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must 1104: enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all 1105: these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and 1106: Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly 1107: and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The 1108: front cover must present the full title with all words of the title 1109: equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the 1110: covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as 1111: long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these 1112: conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. 1113: 1114: If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 1115: legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 1116: reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto 1117: adjacent pages. 1118: 1119: If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document 1120: numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable 1121: Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with 1122: each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general 1123: network-using public has access to download using public-standard 1124: network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free 1125: of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take 1126: reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque 1127: copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will 1128: remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one 1129: year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or 1130: through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. 1131: 1132: It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of 1133: the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, 1134: to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the 1135: Document. 1136: 1137: 4. MODIFICATIONS 1138: 1139: You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document 1140: under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you 1141: release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the 1142: Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing 1143: distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever 1144: possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in 1145: the Modified Version: 1146: 1147: A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title 1148: distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous 1149: versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the 1150: History section of the Document). You may use the same title 1151: as a previous version if the original publisher of that 1152: version gives permission. 1153: 1154: B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or 1155: entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in 1156: the Modified Version, together with at least five of the 1157: principal authors of the Document (all of its principal 1158: authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you 1159: from this requirement. 1160: 1161: C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 1162: Modified Version, as the publisher. 1163: 1164: D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 1165: 1166: E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 1167: adjacent to the other copyright notices. 1168: 1169: F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license 1170: notice giving the public permission to use the Modified 1171: Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in 1172: the Addendum below. 1173: 1174: G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant 1175: Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's 1176: license notice. 1177: 1178: H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. 1179: 1180: I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, 1181: and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new 1182: authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the 1183: Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the 1184: Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and 1185: publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add 1186: an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the 1187: previous sentence. 1188: 1189: J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document 1190: for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and 1191: likewise the network locations given in the Document for 1192: previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the 1193: "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work 1194: that was published at least four years before the Document 1195: itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers 1196: to gives permission. 1197: 1198: K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", 1199: Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section 1200: all the substance and tone of each of the contributor 1201: acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. 1202: 1203: L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered 1204: in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the 1205: equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 1206: 1207: M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section 1208: may not be included in the Modified Version. 1209: 1210: N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled 1211: "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant 1212: Section. 1213: 1214: O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 1215: 1216: If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 1217: appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no 1218: material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate 1219: some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their 1220: titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's 1221: license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other 1222: section titles. 1223: 1224: You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains 1225: nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 1226: parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text 1227: has been approved by an organization as the authoritative 1228: definition of a standard. 1229: 1230: You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, 1231: and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of 1232: the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage 1233: of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 1234: through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document 1235: already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added 1236: by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on 1237: behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old 1238: one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added 1239: the old one. 1240: 1241: The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this 1242: License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to 1243: assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 1244: 1245: 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS 1246: 1247: You may combine the Document with other documents released under 1248: this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for 1249: modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all 1250: of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, 1251: unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your 1252: combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all 1253: their Warranty Disclaimers. 1254: 1255: The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 1256: multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 1257: copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name 1258: but different contents, make the title of each such section unique 1259: by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the 1260: original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a 1261: unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in 1262: the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the 1263: combined work. 1264: 1265: In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled 1266: "History" in the various original documents, forming one section 1267: Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled 1268: "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You 1269: must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." 1270: 1271: 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 1272: 1273: You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other 1274: documents released under this License, and replace the individual 1275: copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy 1276: that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the 1277: rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents 1278: in all other respects. 1279: 1280: You may extract a single document from such a collection, and 1281: distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert 1282: a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this 1283: License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that 1284: document. 1285: 1286: 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 1287: 1288: A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other 1289: separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a 1290: storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the 1291: copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the 1292: legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual 1293: works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this 1294: License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which 1295: are not themselves derivative works of the Document. 1296: 1297: If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 1298: copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half 1299: of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed 1300: on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 1301: electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic 1302: form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket 1303: the whole aggregate. 1304: 1305: 8. TRANSLATION 1306: 1307: Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 1308: distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 1309: 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 1310: permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 1311: translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 1312: original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 1313: translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 1314: Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also 1315: include the original English version of this License and the 1316: original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a 1317: disagreement between the translation and the original version of 1318: this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will 1319: prevail. 1320: 1321: If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", 1322: "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to 1323: Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the 1324: actual title. 1325: 1326: 9. TERMINATION 1327: 1328: You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document 1329: except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other 1330: attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is 1331: void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this 1332: License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, 1333: from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated 1334: so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 1335: 1336: 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 1337: 1338: The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of 1339: the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 1340: versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 1341: differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See 1342: <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>. 1343: 1344: Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version 1345: number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered 1346: version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you 1347: have the option of following the terms and conditions either of 1348: that specified version or of any later version that has been 1349: published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the 1350: Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may 1351: choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free 1352: Software Foundation. 1353: 1354: ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents 1355: ==================================================== 1356: 1357: To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 1358: the License in the document and put the following copyright and license 1359: notices just after the title page: 1360: 1361: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. 1362: Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 1363: under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 1364: or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 1365: with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover 1366: Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU 1367: Free Documentation License''. 1368: 1369: If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover 1370: Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: 1371: 1372: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with 1373: the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts 1374: being LIST. 1375: 1376: If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 1377: combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 1378: situation. 1379: 1380: If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 1381: recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free 1382: software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit 1383: their use in free software. 1384: 1385: 1386: File: mach.info, Node: CMU License, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Documentation License 1387: 1388: A.2 CMU License 1389: =============== 1390: 1391: Mach Operating System 1392: Copyright (C) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon University 1393: All Rights Reserved. 1394: 1395: Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and 1396: its documentation is hereby granted, provided that both the 1397: copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of 1398: the software, derivative works or modified versions, and any 1399: portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting 1400: documentation. 1401: 1402: CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" 1403: CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR 1404: ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 1405: 1406: Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to 1407: 1408: Software Distribution Coordinator 1409: School of Computer Science 1410: Carnegie Mellon University 1411: Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 1412: 1413: or <[email protected]> any improvements or 1414: extensions that they make and grant Carnegie Mellon the rights to 1415: redistribute these changes. 1416: 1417: 1418: File: mach.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Data Index, Prev: Documentation License, Up: Top 1419: 1420: Concept Index 1421: ************* 1422: 1423: [index ] 1424: * Menu: 1425: 1426: * communication between tasks: Major Concepts. (line 6) 1427: * composing messages: Message Format. (line 6) 1428: * device port: Device Interface. (line 13) 1429: * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License. 1430: (line 6) 1431: * format of a message: Message Format. (line 6) 1432: * GPL, GNU General Public License: Copying. (line 6) 1433: * GRand Unified Bootloader: Bootloader. (line 13) 1434: * GRUB: Bootloader. (line 13) 1435: * host control port: Host Ports. (line 34) 1436: * host interface: Host Interface. (line 6) 1437: * host name port: Host Ports. (line 6) 1438: * host ports: Host Ports. (line 6) 1439: * interprocess communication (IPC): Major Concepts. (line 6) 1440: * IPC (interprocess communication): Major Concepts. (line 6) 1441: * IPC space port: Port Manipulation Interface. 1442: (line 9) 1443: * message composition: Message Format. (line 6) 1444: * message format: Message Format. (line 6) 1445: * messages: Major Concepts. (line 6) 1446: * moving port rights: Exchanging Port Rights. 1447: (line 6) 1448: * port representing a device: Device Interface. (line 13) 1449: * port representing a processor: Processor Interface. (line 6) 1450: * port representing a processor set name: Processor Set Ports. (line 6) 1451: * port representing a task: Task Interface. (line 6) 1452: * port representing a thread: Thread Interface. (line 6) 1453: * port representing a virtual memory map: Virtual Memory Interface. 1454: (line 6) 1455: * port representing an IPC space: Port Manipulation Interface. 1456: (line 9) 1457: * ports representing a host: Host Ports. (line 6) 1458: * ports representing a processor set: Processor Set Ports. (line 6) 1459: * processor port: Processor Interface. (line 6) 1460: * processor set name port: Processor Set Ports. (line 6) 1461: * processor set port: Processor Set Ports. (line 12) 1462: * processor set ports: Processor Set Ports. (line 6) 1463: * receiving memory: Memory. (line 6) 1464: * receiving port rights: Exchanging Port Rights. 1465: (line 6) 1466: * remote procedure calls (RPC): Major Concepts. (line 6) 1467: * RPC (remote procedure calls): Major Concepts. (line 6) 1468: * sending memory: Memory. (line 6) 1469: * sending messages: Message Send. (line 6) 1470: * sending port rights: Exchanging Port Rights. 1471: (line 6) 1472: * serverboot: Modules. (line 6) 1473: * task port: Task Interface. (line 6) 1474: * thread port: Thread Interface. (line 6) 1475: * virtual memory map port: Virtual Memory Interface. 1476: (line 6) 1477: 1478: 1479: File: mach.info, Node: Function and Data Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top 1480: 1481: Function and Data Index 1482: *********************** 1483: 1484: [index ] 1485: * Menu: 1486: 1487: * catch_exception_raise: Exceptions. (line 6) 1488: * device_close: Device Close. (line 6) 1489: * device_get_status: Device Status. (line 17) 1490: * device_map: Device Map. (line 6) 1491: * device_open: Device Open. (line 6) 1492: * device_open_request: Device Open. (line 33) 1493: * device_read: Device Read. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1494: * device_read_inband: Device Read. (line 25) 1495: * device_read_request: Device Read. (line 32) 1496: * device_read_request_inband: Device Read. (line 50) 1.1 root 1497: * device_reply_server: Device Reply Server. (line 10) 1498: * device_set_filter: Device Filter. (line 6) 1499: * device_set_status: Device Status. (line 6) 1500: * device_t: Device Interface. (line 13) 1501: * device_write: Device Write. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1502: * device_write_inband: Device Write. (line 22) 1503: * device_write_request: Device Write. (line 29) 1504: * device_write_request_inband: Device Write. (line 48) 1505: * ds_device_open_reply: Device Open. (line 37) 1506: * ds_device_read_reply: Device Read. (line 36) 1507: * ds_device_read_reply_inband: Device Read. (line 55) 1508: * ds_device_write_reply: Device Write. (line 32) 1509: * ds_device_write_reply_inband: Device Write. (line 53) 1510: * evc_wait: Exceptions. (line 18) 1511: * exception_raise: Exceptions. (line 12) 1512: * host_adjust_time: Host Time. (line 41) 1.1 root 1513: * host_basic_info_t: Host Information. (line 74) 1514: * host_get_boot_info: Host Information. (line 112) 1515: * host_get_time: Host Time. (line 31) 1516: * host_info: Host Information. (line 6) 1517: * host_kernel_version: Host Information. (line 94) 1518: * host_priv_t: Host Ports. (line 34) 1519: * host_processors: Hosted Processors. (line 6) 1520: * host_processor_sets: Processor Set Access. 1521: (line 6) 1522: * host_processor_set_priv: Processor Set Access. 1523: (line 21) 1524: * host_reboot: Host Reboot. (line 6) 1525: * host_sched_info_t: Host Information. (line 91) 1.1.1.3 root 1526: * host_set_time: Host Time. (line 37) 1.1 root 1527: * host_t: Host Ports. (line 6) 1528: * ipc_space_t: Port Manipulation Interface. 1529: (line 9) 1530: * mach_host_self: Host Ports. (line 13) 1531: * mach_msg: Mach Message Call. (line 9) 1.1.1.2 root 1532: * MACH_MSGH_BITS: Message Format. (line 103) 1.1.1.3 root 1533: * MACH_MSGH_BITS_LOCAL: Message Format. (line 116) 1534: * MACH_MSGH_BITS_OTHER: Message Format. (line 127) 1535: * MACH_MSGH_BITS_PORTS: Message Format. (line 122) 1.1.1.2 root 1536: * MACH_MSGH_BITS_REMOTE: Message Format. (line 110) 1.1 root 1537: * mach_msg_bits_t: Message Format. (line 20) 1538: * mach_msg_header_t: Message Format. (line 32) 1539: * mach_msg_id_t: Message Format. (line 28) 1540: * mach_msg_size_t: Message Format. (line 24) 1541: * mach_msg_timeout_t: Mach Message Call. (line 60) 1.1.1.3 root 1542: * mach_msg_type_long_t: Message Format. (line 248) 1543: * mach_msg_type_name_t: Message Format. (line 138) 1544: * mach_msg_type_number_t: Message Format. (line 148) 1545: * MACH_MSG_TYPE_PORT_ANY: Message Format. (line 234) 1546: * MACH_MSG_TYPE_PORT_ANY_RIGHT: Message Format. (line 243) 1547: * MACH_MSG_TYPE_PORT_ANY_SEND: Message Format. (line 238) 1548: * mach_msg_type_size_t: Message Format. (line 143) 1549: * mach_msg_type_t: Message Format. (line 153) 1.1.1.2 root 1550: * mach_ports_lookup: Inherited Ports. (line 14) 1551: * mach_ports_register: Inherited Ports. (line 12) 1.1 root 1552: * mach_port_allocate: Port Creation. (line 6) 1553: * mach_port_allocate_name: Port Creation. (line 64) 1.1.1.3 root 1554: * mach_port_clear_protected_payload: Receive Rights. (line 144) 1.1 root 1555: * mach_port_deallocate: Port Destruction. (line 6) 1556: * mach_port_destroy: Port Destruction. (line 28) 1557: * mach_port_extract_right: Ports and other Tasks. 1.1.1.3 root 1558: (line 58) 1.1 root 1559: * mach_port_get_receive_status: Receive Rights. (line 54) 1560: * mach_port_get_refs: Port Rights. (line 6) 1561: * mach_port_get_set_status: Port Sets. (line 6) 1562: * mach_port_insert_right: Ports and other Tasks. 1563: (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1564: * mach_port_mod_refs: Port Rights. (line 36) 1.1 root 1565: * mach_port_move_member: Port Sets. (line 26) 1566: * mach_port_mscount_t: Receive Rights. (line 10) 1567: * mach_port_msgcount_t: Receive Rights. (line 14) 1568: * mach_port_names: Port Names. (line 6) 1569: * mach_port_rename: Port Names. (line 75) 1570: * mach_port_request_notification: Request Notifications. 1571: (line 6) 1572: * mach_port_rights_t: Receive Rights. (line 18) 1573: * mach_port_seqno_t: Receive Rights. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1574: * mach_port_set_mscount: Receive Rights. (line 73) 1575: * mach_port_set_protected_payload: Receive Rights. (line 126) 1576: * mach_port_set_qlimit: Receive Rights. (line 90) 1577: * mach_port_set_seqno: Receive Rights. (line 108) 1.1 root 1578: * mach_port_status_t: Receive Rights. (line 22) 1579: * mach_port_t: Message Format. (line 13) 1580: * mach_port_type: Port Names. (line 33) 1581: * mach_reply_port: Port Creation. (line 47) 1582: * mach_task_self: Task Information. (line 6) 1583: * mach_thread_self: Thread Information. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1584: * mapped_time_value_t: Host Time. (line 50) 1.1 root 1585: * memory_object_change_attributes: Memory Object Attributes. 1.1.1.3 root 1586: (line 26) 1.1 root 1587: * memory_object_change_completed: Memory Object Attributes. 1.1.1.5 ! root 1588: (line 66) 1.1 root 1589: * memory_object_copy: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1590: (line 209) 1.1 root 1591: * memory_object_create: Default Memory Manager. 1592: (line 25) 1593: * memory_object_data_error: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1594: (line 159) 1.1 root 1595: * memory_object_data_initialize: Default Memory Manager. 1.1.1.3 root 1596: (line 73) 1.1 root 1597: * memory_object_data_request: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1598: (line 47) 1.1 root 1599: * memory_object_data_return: Memory Objects and Data. 1600: (line 6) 1601: * memory_object_data_supply: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1602: (line 84) 1.1 root 1603: * memory_object_data_unavailable: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1604: (line 179) 1.1 root 1605: * memory_object_data_unlock: Memory Object Locking. 1.1.1.3 root 1606: (line 83) 1.1 root 1607: * memory_object_default_server: Memory Object Server. 1608: (line 8) 1609: * memory_object_destroy: Memory Object Termination. 1.1.1.3 root 1610: (line 39) 1.1 root 1611: * memory_object_get_attributes: Memory Object Attributes. 1612: (line 6) 1613: * memory_object_init: Memory Object Creation. 1614: (line 6) 1615: * memory_object_lock_completed: Memory Object Locking. 1.1.1.3 root 1616: (line 56) 1.1 root 1617: * memory_object_lock_request: Memory Object Locking. 1618: (line 6) 1619: * memory_object_ready: Memory Object Creation. 1.1.1.3 root 1620: (line 55) 1.1 root 1621: * memory_object_server: Memory Object Server. 1622: (line 6) 1623: * memory_object_supply_completed: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1624: (line 125) 1.1 root 1625: * memory_object_terminate: Memory Object Termination. 1626: (line 6) 1627: * processor_assign: Processors and Sets. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1628: * processor_basic_info_t: Processor Info. (line 67) 1.1 root 1629: * processor_control: Processor Control. (line 8) 1630: * processor_exit: Processor Control. (line 7) 1631: * processor_get_assignment: Processors and Sets. (line 30) 1632: * processor_info: Processor Info. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1633: * processor_set_basic_info_t: Processor Set Info. (line 75) 1.1 root 1634: * processor_set_create: Processor Set Creation. 1635: (line 6) 1636: * processor_set_default: Processor Set Access. 1.1.1.3 root 1637: (line 34) 1.1 root 1638: * processor_set_destroy: Processor Set Destruction. 1639: (line 6) 1640: * processor_set_info: Processor Set Info. (line 6) 1641: * processor_set_max_priority: Processor Set Priority. 1642: (line 6) 1643: * processor_set_name_t: Processor Set Ports. (line 6) 1644: * processor_set_policy_disable: Processor Set Policy. 1645: (line 8) 1646: * processor_set_policy_enable: Processor Set Policy. 1647: (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1648: * processor_set_sched_info_t: Processor Set Info. (line 93) 1.1 root 1649: * processor_set_t: Processor Set Ports. (line 12) 1650: * processor_set_tasks: Tasks and Threads on Sets. 1651: (line 6) 1652: * processor_set_threads: Tasks and Threads on Sets. 1.1.1.3 root 1653: (line 21) 1.1 root 1654: * processor_start: Processor Control. (line 6) 1655: * processor_t: Processor Interface. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1656: * sampled_pc_flavor_t: Profiling. (line 69) 1657: * sampled_pc_t: Profiling. (line 54) 1.1 root 1658: * seqnos_memory_object_change_completed: Memory Object Attributes. 1.1.1.5 ! root 1659: (line 69) 1.1 root 1660: * seqnos_memory_object_copy: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1661: (line 217) 1.1 root 1662: * seqnos_memory_object_create: Default Memory Manager. 1.1.1.3 root 1663: (line 33) 1.1 root 1664: * seqnos_memory_object_data_initialize: Default Memory Manager. 1.1.1.3 root 1665: (line 78) 1.1 root 1666: * seqnos_memory_object_data_request: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1667: (line 53) 1.1 root 1668: * seqnos_memory_object_data_return: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1669: (line 13) 1.1 root 1670: * seqnos_memory_object_data_unlock: Memory Object Locking. 1.1.1.3 root 1671: (line 89) 1.1 root 1672: * seqnos_memory_object_default_server: Memory Object Server. 1.1.1.3 root 1673: (line 14) 1.1 root 1674: * seqnos_memory_object_init: Memory Object Creation. 1.1.1.3 root 1675: (line 15) 1.1 root 1676: * seqnos_memory_object_lock_completed: Memory Object Locking. 1.1.1.3 root 1677: (line 61) 1.1 root 1678: * seqnos_memory_object_server: Memory Object Server. 1.1.1.3 root 1679: (line 11) 1.1 root 1680: * seqnos_memory_object_supply_completed: Memory Objects and Data. 1.1.1.3 root 1681: (line 132) 1.1 root 1682: * seqnos_memory_object_terminate: Memory Object Termination. 1.1.1.3 root 1683: (line 13) 1.1 root 1684: * struct host_basic_info: Host Information. (line 47) 1685: * struct host_sched_info: Host Information. (line 77) 1.1.1.3 root 1686: * struct processor_basic_info: Processor Info. (line 44) 1687: * struct processor_set_basic_info: Processor Set Info. (line 51) 1688: * struct processor_set_sched_info: Processor Set Info. (line 78) 1689: * struct task_basic_info: Task Information. (line 82) 1690: * struct task_events_info: Task Information. (line 113) 1691: * struct task_thread_times_info: Task Information. (line 144) 1692: * struct thread_basic_info: Thread Information. (line 66) 1693: * struct thread_sched_info: Thread Information. (line 127) 1694: * swtch: Hand-Off Scheduling. (line 82) 1695: * swtch_pri: Hand-Off Scheduling. (line 94) 1.1 root 1696: * task_assign: Tasks and Threads on Sets. 1.1.1.3 root 1697: (line 36) 1.1 root 1698: * task_assign_default: Tasks and Threads on Sets. 1.1.1.3 root 1699: (line 50) 1700: * task_basic_info_t: Task Information. (line 110) 1.1 root 1701: * task_create: Task Creation. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1702: * task_disable_pc_sampling: Profiling. (line 21) 1.1 root 1703: * task_enable_pc_sampling: Profiling. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1704: * task_events_info_t: Task Information. (line 141) 1.1 root 1705: * task_get_assignment: Tasks and Threads on Sets. 1.1.1.3 root 1706: (line 61) 1707: * task_get_bootstrap_port: Task Special Ports. (line 41) 1.1 root 1708: * task_get_emulation_vector: Syscall Emulation. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1709: * task_get_exception_port: Task Special Ports. (line 35) 1710: * task_get_kernel_port: Task Special Ports. (line 29) 1711: * task_get_sampled_pcs: Profiling. (line 36) 1.1 root 1712: * task_get_special_port: Task Special Ports. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1713: * task_info: Task Information. (line 42) 1.1 root 1714: * task_priority: Task Execution. (line 27) 1715: * task_ras_control: Task Execution. (line 45) 1716: * task_resume: Task Execution. (line 18) 1.1.1.3 root 1717: * task_set_bootstrap_port: Task Special Ports. (line 78) 1718: * task_set_emulation: Syscall Emulation. (line 21) 1.1 root 1719: * task_set_emulation_vector: Syscall Emulation. (line 12) 1.1.1.3 root 1720: * task_set_exception_port: Task Special Ports. (line 72) 1721: * task_set_kernel_port: Task Special Ports. (line 66) 1722: * task_set_name: Task Information. (line 161) 1723: * task_set_special_port: Task Special Ports. (line 47) 1.1 root 1724: * task_suspend: Task Execution. (line 6) 1725: * task_t: Task Interface. (line 6) 1726: * task_terminate: Task Termination. (line 6) 1727: * task_threads: Task Information. (line 30) 1.1.1.3 root 1728: * task_thread_times_info_t: Task Information. (line 158) 1.1 root 1729: * thread_abort: Thread Execution. (line 36) 1730: * thread_assign: Tasks and Threads on Sets. 1.1.1.3 root 1731: (line 73) 1.1 root 1732: * thread_assign_default: Tasks and Threads on Sets. 1.1.1.3 root 1733: (line 87) 1734: * thread_basic_info_t: Thread Information. (line 124) 1.1 root 1735: * thread_create: Thread Creation. (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1736: * thread_depress_abort: Hand-Off Scheduling. (line 75) 1737: * thread_disable_pc_sampling: Profiling. (line 24) 1738: * thread_enable_pc_sampling: Profiling. (line 9) 1.1 root 1739: * thread_get_assignment: Tasks and Threads on Sets. 1.1.1.3 root 1740: (line 97) 1.1 root 1741: * thread_get_exception_port: Thread Special Ports. 1742: (line 25) 1743: * thread_get_kernel_port: Thread Special Ports. 1744: (line 19) 1.1.1.3 root 1745: * thread_get_sampled_pcs: Profiling. (line 39) 1.1 root 1746: * thread_get_special_port: Thread Special Ports. 1747: (line 6) 1748: * thread_get_state: Thread Execution. (line 98) 1749: * thread_info: Thread Information. (line 30) 1.1.1.3 root 1750: * thread_max_priority: Thread Priority. (line 37) 1.1 root 1751: * thread_policy: Scheduling Policy. (line 6) 1752: * thread_priority: Thread Priority. (line 18) 1753: * thread_resume: Thread Execution. (line 27) 1.1.1.3 root 1754: * thread_sched_info_t: Thread Information. (line 158) 1.1 root 1755: * thread_set_exception_port: Thread Special Ports. 1756: (line 50) 1757: * thread_set_kernel_port: Thread Special Ports. 1758: (line 44) 1759: * thread_set_special_port: Thread Special Ports. 1760: (line 31) 1.1.1.3 root 1761: * thread_set_state: Thread Execution. (line 123) 1.1 root 1762: * thread_suspend: Thread Execution. (line 6) 1763: * thread_switch: Hand-Off Scheduling. (line 6) 1764: * thread_t: Thread Interface. (line 6) 1765: * thread_terminate: Thread Termination. (line 6) 1766: * thread_wire: Thread Settings. (line 6) 1767: * time_value_add: Host Time. (line 23) 1768: * time_value_add_usec: Host Time. (line 19) 1769: * time_value_t: Host Time. (line 6) 1770: * vm_allocate: Memory Allocation. (line 6) 1771: * vm_copy: Data Transfer. (line 50) 1772: * vm_deallocate: Memory Deallocation. (line 6) 1773: * vm_inherit: Memory Attributes. (line 68) 1.1.1.5 ! root 1774: * vm_machine_attribute: Memory Attributes. (line 130) 1.1 root 1775: * vm_map: Mapping Memory Objects. 1776: (line 6) 1777: * vm_protect: Memory Attributes. (line 34) 1778: * vm_read: Data Transfer. (line 6) 1779: * vm_region: Memory Attributes. (line 6) 1780: * vm_set_default_memory_manager: Default Memory Manager. 1781: (line 6) 1782: * vm_statistics: Memory Statistics. (line 50) 1783: * vm_statistics_data_t: Memory Statistics. (line 6) 1784: * vm_task_t: Virtual Memory Interface. 1785: (line 6) 1.1.1.3 root 1786: * vm_wire: Memory Attributes. (line 99) 1.1 root 1787: * vm_write: Data Transfer. (line 31) 1788:
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