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1.1 root 1: .TH ED 1 "14 September 1979"
2: .UC
3: .if t .ds q \(aa
4: .if n .ds q '
5: .SH NAME
6: ed \- text editor
7: .SH SYNOPSIS
8: .B ed
9: [
10: .B \-
11: ] [
12: .B \-x
13: ] [ name ]
14: .SH DESCRIPTION
15: .I Ed
16: is the standard text editor.
17: .PP
18: If a
19: .I name
20: argument is given,
21: .I ed
22: simulates an
23: .I e
24: command (see below)\| on the named file; that is to say,
25: the file is read into
26: .I ed's
27: buffer so that it can be edited.
28: If
29: .B \-x
30: is present, an
31: .I x
32: command is simulated first to handle an encrypted file.
33: The optional
34: .B \-
35: suppresses the printing
36: of explanatory output
37: and should be used
38: when the standard input is
39: an editor script.
40: .PP
41: .I Ed
42: operates on a copy of any file it is editing; changes made
43: in the copy have no effect on the file until a
44: .IR w ""
45: (write)\|
46: command is given.
47: The copy of the text being edited resides
48: in a temporary file called the
49: .IR buffer .
50: .PP
51: Commands to
52: .I ed
53: have a simple and regular structure: zero or
54: more
55: .I addresses
56: followed by a single character
57: .I command,
58: possibly
59: followed by parameters to the command.
60: These addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer.
61: Missing addresses are supplied by default.
62: .PP
63: In general, only one command may appear on a line.
64: Certain commands allow the
65: addition of text to the buffer.
66: While
67: .I ed
68: is accepting text, it is said
69: to be in
70: .I "input mode."
71: In this mode, no commands are recognized;
72: all input is merely collected.
73: Input mode is left by typing a period `\fB.\fR' alone at the
74: beginning of a line.
75: .PP
76: .I Ed
77: supports a limited form of
78: .I "regular expression"
79: notation.
80: A regular expression specifies
81: a set of strings of characters.
82: A member of this set of strings is said to be
83: .I matched
84: by the regular expression.
85: In the following specification for regular expressions
86: the word `character' means any character but newline.
87: .IP 1.
88: Any character except a special character
89: matches itself.
90: Special characters are
91: the regular expression delimiter plus
92: .RB \e\|[\| .
93: and sometimes ^\|*\|$.
94: .IP 2.
95: A
96: .B .
97: matches any character.
98: .IP 3.
99: A \e followed by any character except a digit or (\|) matches that character.
100: .IP 4.
101: A nonempty string
102: .I s
103: bracketed
104: .RI [ \|s\| ]
105: (or
106: .RI [^ s\| ])
107: matches any character in (or not in)
108: .I s.
109: In
110: .I s,
111: \e has no special meaning, and ] may only appear as
112: the first letter.
113: A substring
114: .I a\-b,
115: with
116: .I a
117: and
118: .I b
119: in ascending ASCII order, stands for the inclusive
120: range of ASCII characters.
121: .IP 5.
122: A regular expression of form 1-4 followed by * matches a sequence of
123: 0 or more matches of the regular expression.
124: .IP 6.
125: A regular expression,
126: .I x,
127: of form 1-8, bracketed
128: .RI \e( \|x\| \e)
129: matches what
130: .I x
131: matches.
132: .IP 7.
133: A \e followed by a digit
134: .I n
135: matches a copy of the string that the
136: bracketed regular expression beginning with the
137: .IR n th
138: \e( matched.
139: .IP 8.
140: A regular expression of form 1-8,
141: .I x,
142: followed by a regular expression of form 1-7,
143: .I y
144: matches a match for
145: .I x
146: followed by a match for
147: .I y,
148: with the
149: .I x
150: match being as long as possible while still permitting a
151: .I y
152: match.
153: .IP 9.
154: A regular expression of form 1-8 preceded by ^
155: (or followed by $), is constrained to matches that
156: begin at the left (or end at the right) end of a line.
157: .IP 10.
158: A regular expression of form 1-9 picks out the
159: longest among the leftmost matches in a line.
160: .IP 11.
161: An empty regular expression stands for a copy of the
162: last regular expression encountered.
163: .PP
164: Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify
165: lines and in one command
166: (see
167: .I s
168: below)\|
169: to specify a portion of a line which is to be replaced.
170: If it is desired to use one of
171: the regular expression metacharacters as an ordinary
172: character, that character may be preceded by `\e'.
173: This also applies to the character bounding the regular
174: expression (often `/')\| and to `\e' itself.
175: .PP
176: To understand addressing in
177: .I ed
178: it is necessary to know that at any time there is a
179: .I "current line."
180: Generally speaking, the current line is
181: the last line affected by a command; however,
182: the exact effect on the current line
183: is discussed under the description of
184: the command.
185: Addresses are constructed as follows.
186: .TP
187: 1.
188: The character `\fB.\fR' addresses the current line.
189: .TP
190: 2.
191: The character `$' addresses the last line of the buffer.
192: .TP
193: 3.
194: A decimal number
195: .I n
196: addresses the
197: .IR n -th
198: line of the buffer.
199: .TP
200: 4.
201: `\(fm\fIx\fR' addresses the line marked with the name
202: .IR x ,
203: which must be a lower-case letter.
204: Lines are marked with the
205: .I k
206: command described below.
207: .TP
208: 5.
209: A regular expression enclosed in slashes `/' addresses
210: the line found by searching forward from the current line
211: and stopping at the first line containing a
212: string that matches the regular expression.
213: If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning of the
214: buffer.
215: .TP
216: 6.
217: A regular expression enclosed in queries `?' addresses
218: the line found by searching backward from the current line
219: and stopping at the first line containing
220: a string that matches the regular expression.
221: If necessary
222: the search wraps around to the end of the buffer.
223: .TP
224: 7.
225: An address followed by a plus sign `+'
226: or a minus sign `\-' followed by a decimal number specifies that address plus
227: (resp. minus)\| the indicated number of lines.
228: The plus sign may be omitted.
229: .TP
230: 8.
231: If an address begins with `+' or `\-'
232: the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to the current line;
233: e.g. `\-5' is understood to mean `\fB.\fR\-5'.
234: .TP
235: 9.
236: If an address ends with `+' or `\-',
237: then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
238: As a consequence of this rule and rule 8,
239: the address `\-' refers to the line before the current line.
240: Moreover,
241: trailing
242: `+' and `\-' characters
243: have cumulative effect, so `\-\-' refers to the current
244: line less 2.
245: .TP
246: 10.
247: To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
248: the character `^' in addresses is
249: equivalent to `\-'.
250: .PP
251: Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses.
252: Commands which require no addresses regard the presence
253: of an address as an error.
254: Commands which accept one or two addresses
255: assume default addresses when insufficient are given.
256: If more addresses are given than such a command requires,
257: the last one or two (depending on what is accepted)\| are used.
258: .PP
259: Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma
260: `\fB,\fR'.
261: They may also be separated by a semicolon
262: `\fB;\fR'.
263: In this case the current line `\fB.\fR' is set to
264: the previous address before the next address is interpreted.
265: This feature can be used to determine the starting
266: line for forward and backward searches (`/', `?')\|.
267: The second address of any two-address sequence
268: must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the first address.
269: The special form `%'
270: is an abbreviation for the address pair `1,$'.
271: .PP
272: In the following list of
273: .I ed
274: commands, the default addresses
275: are shown in parentheses.
276: The parentheses are not part of
277: the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
278: the default.
279: .PP
280: As mentioned, it is generally illegal for more than one
281: command to appear on a line.
282: However, most commands may be suffixed by `p'
283: or by `l', in which case
284: the current line is either
285: printed or listed respectively
286: in the way discussed below.
287: Commands may also be suffixed by `n',
288: meaning the output of the command is to
289: be line numbered.
290: These suffixes may be combined in any order.
291: .TP 5
292: .RB (\| .\| )\|a
293: .br
294: .ns
295: .TP 5
296: <text>
297: .br
298: .ns
299: .TP 5
300: .B .
301: .br
302: The append command reads the given text
303: and appends it after the addressed line.
304: `\fB.\fR' is left
305: on the last line input, if there
306: were any, otherwise at the addressed line.
307: Address `0' is legal for this command; text is placed
308: at the beginning of the buffer.
309: .TP 5
310: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|c
311: .br
312: .ns
313: .TP 5
314: <text>
315: .br
316: .ns
317: .TP 5
318: .B .
319: .br
320: The change
321: command deletes the addressed lines, then accepts input
322: text which replaces these lines.
323: `\fB.\fR' is left at the last line input; if there were none,
324: it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.
325: .TP 5
326: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|d
327: The delete command deletes the addressed lines from the buffer.
328: The line originally after the last line deleted becomes the current line;
329: if the lines deleted were originally at the end,
330: the new last line becomes the current line.
331: .TP 5
332: e filename
333: The edit
334: command causes the entire contents of the buffer to be deleted,
335: and then the named file to be read in.
336: `\fB.\fR' is set to the last line of the buffer.
337: The number of characters read is typed.
338: `filename' is remembered for possible use as a default file name
339: in a subsequent
340: .I r
341: or
342: .I w
343: command.
344: If `filename' is missing, the remembered name is used.
345: .TP 5
346: E filename
347: This command is the same as
348: .I e,
349: except that no diagnostic results when no
350: .I w
351: has been given since the last buffer alteration.
352: .TP 5
353: f filename
354: The filename command prints the currently remembered file name.
355: If `filename' is given,
356: the currently remembered file name is changed to `filename'.
357: .TP 5
358: (1,$)\|g/regular expression/command list
359: In the global
360: command, the first step is to mark every line which matches
361: the given regular expression.
362: Then for every such line, the
363: given command list is executed with `\fB.\fR' initially set to that line.
364: A single command or the first of multiple commands
365: appears on the same line with the global command.
366: All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must be ended with `\e'.
367: .I A,
368: .I i,
369: and
370: .I c
371: commands and associated input are permitted;
372: the `\fB.\fR' terminating input mode may be omitted if it would be on the
373: last line of the command list.
374: The commands
375: .I g
376: and
377: .I v
378: are not permitted in the command list.
379: .TP 5
380: .RB (\| .\| )\|i
381: .ns
382: .TP 5
383: <text>
384: .br
385: .ns
386: .TP 5
387: .B .
388: .br
389: This command inserts the given text before the addressed line.
390: `\fB.\fR' is left at the last line input, or, if there were none,
391: at the line before the addressed line.
392: This command differs from the
393: .I a
394: command only in the placement of the
395: text.
396: .TP 5
397: .RB (\| .\| ,\ . +1)\|j
398: This command joins the addressed lines into a single line;
399: intermediate newlines simply disappear.
400: `\fB.\fR' is left at the resulting line.
401: .TP 5
402: ( \fB. \fR)\|k\fIx\fR
403: The mark command marks the addressed line with
404: name
405: .I x,
406: which must be a lower-case letter.
407: The address form `\(fm\fIx\fR' then addresses this line.
408: .ne 2.5
409: .TP 5
410: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|l
411: The list command
412: prints the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
413: non-graphic characters are
414: printed in two-digit octal,
415: and long lines are folded.
416: The
417: .I l
418: command may be placed on the same line after any non-i/o
419: command.
420: .TP 5
421: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|m\fIa
422: The move command repositions the addressed lines after the line
423: addressed by
424: .IR a .
425: The last of the moved lines becomes the current line.
426: .TP 5
427: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|p
428: The print command prints the addressed lines.
429: `\fB.\fR'
430: is left at the last line printed.
431: The
432: .I p
433: command
434: may
435: be placed on the same line after any non-i/o command.
436: .TP
437: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|P
438: This command is a synonym for
439: .I p.
440: .TP 5
441: q
442: The quit command causes
443: .I ed
444: to exit.
445: No automatic write
446: of a file is done.
447: .TP 5
448: Q
449: This command is the same as
450: .I q,
451: except that no diagnostic results when no
452: .I w
453: has been given since the last buffer alteration.
454: .TP 5
455: ($)\|r filename
456: The read command
457: reads in the given file after the addressed line.
458: If no file name is given,
459: the remembered file name, if any, is used
460: (see
461: .I e
462: and
463: .I f
464: commands)\|.
465: The file name is remembered if there was no
466: remembered file name already.
467: Address `0' is legal for
468: .I r
469: and causes the
470: file to be read at the beginning of the buffer.
471: If the read is successful, the number of characters
472: read is typed.
473: `\fB.\fR' is left at the last line read in from the file.
474: .TP 5
475: (\| \fB.\fR\|, \fB.\fR\|)\|s/regular expression/replacement/ or,
476: .br
477: .ns
478: .TP 5
479: (\| \fB.\fR\|, \fB.\fR\|)\|s/regular expression/replacement/g
480: The substitute command searches each addressed
481: line for an occurrence of the specified regular expression.
482: On each line in which a match is found,
483: all matched strings are replaced by the replacement specified,
484: if the global replacement indicator `g' appears after the command.
485: If the global indicator does not appear, only the first occurrence
486: of the matched string is replaced.
487: It is an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines.
488: Any punctuation character
489: may be used instead of `/' to delimit the regular expression
490: and the replacement.
491: `\fB.\fR' is left at the last line substituted.
492: .IP
493: An ampersand `&' appearing in the replacement
494: is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
495: The special meaning of `&' in this context may be
496: suppressed by preceding it by `\e'.
497: The characters
498: .I `\|\en'
499: where
500: .I n
501: is a digit,
502: are replaced by the text matched by the
503: .IR n -th
504: regular subexpression
505: enclosed between `\e(' and `\e)'.
506: When
507: nested, parenthesized subexpressions
508: are present,
509: .I n
510: is determined by counting occurrences of `\e(' starting from the left.
511: .IP
512: Lines may be split by substituting new-line characters into them.
513: The new-line in the
514: replacement string
515: must be escaped by preceding it by `\e'.
516: .IP
517: One or two trailing delimiters may be omitted,
518: implying the `p' suffix.
519: The special form `s' followed by
520: .I no
521: delimiters
522: repeats the most recent substitute command
523: on the addressed lines.
524: The `s' may be followed by the letters
525: .B r
526: (use the most recent regular expression for the
527: left hand side, instead of the most recent
528: left hand side of a substitute command),
529: .B p
530: (complement the setting of the
531: .I p
532: suffix from the previous substitution), or
533: .B g
534: (complement the setting of the
535: .I g
536: suffix).
537: These letters may be combined in any order.
538: .TP 5
539: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|t\|\fIa
540: This command acts just like the
541: .I m
542: command, except that a copy of the addressed lines is placed
543: after address
544: .I a
545: (which may be 0).
546: `\fB.\fR' is left on the last line of the copy.
547: .TP 5
548: .RB (\| .\| ,\ .\| )\|u
549: The undo command restores the buffer to it's state
550: before the most recent buffer modifying command.
551: The current line is also restored.
552: Buffer modifying commands are
553: .I a, c, d, g, i, k, m, r, s, t,
554: and
555: .I v.
556: For purposes of undo,
557: .I g
558: and
559: .I v
560: are considered to be a single buffer modifying command.
561: Undo is its own inverse.
562: .IP
563: When
564: .I ed
565: runs out of memory
566: (at about 8000 lines on any 16 bit mini-computer
567: such as the PDP-11)
568: This full undo is not possible, and
569: .I u
570: can only undo the effect of the most recent
571: substitute on the current line.
572: This restricted undo also applies to editor scripts
573: when
574: .I ed
575: is invoked with the
576: .B -
577: option.
578: .TP 5
579: (1, $)\|v/regular expression/command list
580: This command is the same as the global command
581: .I g
582: except that the command list is executed
583: .I g
584: with `\fB.\fR' initially set to every line
585: .I except
586: those
587: matching the regular expression.
588: .TP 5
589: (1, $)\|w filename
590: .br
591: The write command writes the addressed lines onto
592: the given file.
593: If the file does not exist,
594: it is created.
595: The file name is remembered if there was no
596: remembered file name already.
597: If no file name is given,
598: the remembered file name, if any, is used
599: (see
600: .I e
601: and
602: .I f
603: commands)\|.
604: `\fB.\fR' is unchanged.
605: If the command is successful, the number of characters written is
606: printed.
607: .TP
608: (1, $)\|W filename
609: This command is the same as
610: .I w,
611: except that the addressed lines are appended to the file.
612: .TP 5
613: (1, $)\|wq filename
614: This command is the same as
615: .I w
616: except that afterwards a
617: .I q
618: command is done,
619: exiting the editor
620: after the file is written.
621: .TP 5
622: x
623: A key string is demanded from the standard input.
624: Later
625: .I r, e
626: and
627: .I w
628: commands will encrypt and decrypt the text
629: with this key by the algorithm of
630: .IR crypt (1).
631: An explicitly empty key turns off encryption.
632: .TP 5
633: ($)\|=
634: The line number of the addressed line is typed.
635: `\fB.\fR' is unchanged by this command.
636: .TP 5
637: !<shell command>
638: The remainder of the line after the `!' is sent
639: to
640: .IR sh (1)
641: to be interpreted as a command.
642: .RB ` . '
643: is unchanged.
644: .TP 5
645: .RB (\| . +1,\| . +1)\|<newline>
646: An address alone on a line causes the addressed line to be printed.
647: A blank line alone is equivalent to `.+1p'; it is useful
648: for stepping through text.
649: If two addresses are present with no
650: intervening semicolon,
651: .I ed
652: prints the range of lines.
653: If they are separated by a semicolon,
654: the second line is printed.
655: .PP
656: If an interrupt signal (ASCII DEL)\| is sent,
657: .I ed
658: prints `?interrupted'
659: and returns to its command level.
660: .PP
661: Some size limitations:
662: 512 characters per line,
663: 256 characters per global command list,
664: 64 characters per file name,
665: and, on mini computers,
666: 128K characters in the temporary file.
667: The limit on the number of lines depends on the amount of core:
668: each line takes 2 words.
669: .PP
670: When reading a file,
671: .I ed
672: discards ASCII NUL characters
673: and all characters after the last newline.
674: It refuses to read files containing non-ASCII characters.
675: .SH FILES
676: /tmp/e*
677: .br
678: edhup: work is saved here if terminal hangs up
679: .SH "SEE ALSO"
680: B. W. Kernighan,
681: .I
682: A Tutorial Introduction to the ED Text Editor
683: .br
684: B. W. Kernighan,
685: .I Advanced editing on UNIX
686: .br
687: ex(1), sed(1), crypt(1)
688: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
689: `?name' for inaccessible file;
690: `?self-explanatory message'
691: for other errors.
692: .PP
693: To protect against throwing away valuable work,
694: a
695: .I q
696: or
697: .I e
698: command is considered to be in error, unless a
699: .I w
700: has occurred since the last buffer change.
701: A second
702: .I q
703: or
704: .I e
705: will be obeyed regardless.
706: .SH BUGS
707: The
708: .I l
709: command mishandles DEL.
710: .br
711: The
712: .I undo
713: command causes marks to be lost on affected lines.
714: .br
715: The
716: .I x
717: command,
718: .B -x
719: option,
720: and
721: special treatment of hangups
722: only work on UNIX.
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