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1.1 root 1: .TH EQN 1 "18 January 1983"
2: .EQ
3: delim $$
4: .EN
5: .SH NAME
6: eqn, neqn, checkeq \- typeset mathematics
7: .SH SYNOPSIS
8: .B eqn
9: [
10: .BR \-d xy
11: ] [
12: .BR \-p n
13: ] [
14: .BR \-s n
15: ] [
16: .BR \-f n
17: ]
18: [ file ] ...
19: .br
20: .B checkeq
21: [ file ] ...
22: .SH DESCRIPTION
23: .I Eqn
24: is a
25: troff(1)
26: preprocessor
27: for typesetting mathematics
28: on a Graphic Systems phototypesetter,
29: .I neqn
30: on terminals.
31: Usage is almost always
32: .PP
33: eqn file ... | troff
34: .br
35: neqn file ... | nroff
36: .PP
37: If no files are specified,
38: these programs
39: reads from the standard input.
40: A line beginning with `.EQ' marks the start of an equation;
41: the end of an equation
42: is marked by a line beginning with `.EN'.
43: Neither of these lines is altered,
44: so they may be defined in macro packages
45: to get
46: centering, numbering, etc.
47: It is also possible to set two characters as `delimiters';
48: subsequent text between delimiters is also treated as
49: .ul
50: eqn
51: input.
52: Delimiters may be set to characters
53: .I x
54: and
55: .I y
56: with the command-line argument
57: .BI \-d xy
58: or (more commonly) with
59: `delim
60: .IR xy '
61: between .EQ and .EN.
62: The left and right delimiters may be identical.
63: Delimiters are turned off by `delim off'.
64: All text that is neither between delimiters nor between .EQ and .EN
65: is passed through untouched.
66: .PP
67: The program
68: .I checkeq
69: reports missing or unbalanced delimiters and .EQ/.EN pairs.
70: .PP
71: Tokens within
72: .I eqn
73: are separated by
74: spaces, tabs, newlines, braces, double quotes,
75: tildes or circumflexes.
76: Braces {} are used for grouping;
77: generally speaking,
78: anywhere a single character like
79: .I x
80: could appear, a complicated construction
81: enclosed in braces may be used instead.
82: Tilde ~ represents a full space in the output,
83: circumflex ^ half as much.
84: .PP
85: .vs 13p
86: Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
87: .B sub
88: and
89: .B sup.
90: Thus
91: .I "x sub i"
92: makes
93: $x sub i$,
94: .I "a sub i sup 2"
95: produces
96: $a sub i sup 2$,
97: and
98: .I "e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2}"
99: gives
100: $e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2}$.
101: .PP
102: Fractions are made with
103: .BR over :
104: .I "a over b"
105: yields $a over b$.
106: .PP
107: .B sqrt
108: makes square roots:
109: .I "1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}"
110: results in
111: $1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}$ .
112: .PP
113: The keywords
114: .B from
115: and
116: .B to
117: introduce lower and upper
118: limits on arbitrary things:
119: $lim from {n-> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i$
120: is made with
121: .I "lim from {n\-> inf } sum from 0 to n x sub i."
122: .PP
123: Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are made with
124: .B left
125: and
126: .B right:
127: .I "left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right ] ~=~1"
128: produces
129: $left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right ] ~=~1$.
130: The
131: .B right
132: clause is optional.
133: Legal characters after
134: .B left
135: and
136: .B right
137: are braces, brackets, bars,
138: .B c
139: and
140: .B f
141: for ceiling and floor,
142: and "" for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only bracket).
143: .PP
144: Vertical piles of things are made with
145: .BR pile ,
146: .BR lpile ,
147: .BR cpile ,
148: and
149: .BR rpile :
150: .I "pile {a above b above c}"
151: produces
152: $pile {a above b above c}$.
153: There can be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile.
154: .B lpile
155: left-justifies,
156: .B pile
157: and
158: .B cpile
159: center, with different vertical spacing,
160: and
161: .B rpile
162: right justifies.
163: .PP
164: Matrices are made with
165: .BR matrix :
166: .I "matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }"
167: produces
168: $matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }$.
169: In addition, there is
170: .B rcol
171: for a right-justified column.
172: .PP
173: .vs 12p
174: Diacritical marks are made with
175: .BR dot ,
176: .BR dotdot ,
177: .BR hat ,
178: .BR tilde ,
179: .BR bar ,
180: .BR vec ,
181: .BR dyad ,
182: and
183: .BR under :
184: .I "x dot = f(t) bar"
185: is
186: $x dot = f(t) bar$,
187: .I "y dotdot bar ~=~ n under"
188: is
189: $y dotdot bar ~=~ n under$,
190: and
191: .I "x vec ~=~ y dyad"
192: is
193: $x vec ~=~ y dyad$.
194: .PP
195: Sizes and font can be changed with
196: .B size
197: .I n
198: or
199: .B size
200: .BI \(+- n,
201: .BR roman ,
202: .BR italic ,
203: .BR bold ,
204: and
205: .BR font
206: .I n.
207: Size and fonts can be changed globally in a document by
208: .B gsize
209: .I n
210: and
211: .B gfont
212: .IR n ,
213: or by the command-line arguments
214: .BI \-s n
215: and
216: .BI \-f n.
217: .PP
218: Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by
219: 3 point sizes from the previous size;
220: this may be changed by the command-line argument
221: .BI \-p n.
222: .PP
223: Successive display arguments can be lined up.
224: Place
225: .B mark
226: before the desired lineup point in the first equation;
227: place
228: .B lineup
229: at the place that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations.
230: .PP
231: Shorthands may be defined
232: or existing keywords redefined with
233: .BI define :
234: .I "define thing % replacement %"
235: defines a new token called
236: .I thing
237: which will be replaced by
238: .I replacement
239: whenever it appears thereafter.
240: The
241: .I %
242: may be any character that does not occur in
243: .I replacement.
244: .PP
245: Keywords like
246: .I sum
247: .EQ
248: ( sum )
249: .EN
250: .I int
251: .EQ
252: ( int )
253: .EN
254: .I inf
255: .EQ
256: ( inf )
257: .EN
258: and shorthands like
259: >=
260: .EQ
261: (>=)
262: .EN
263: \->
264: .EQ
265: (->),
266: .EN
267: and
268: !=
269: .EQ
270: ( != )
271: .EN
272: are recognized.
273: Greek letters are spelled out in the desired case, as in
274: .I alpha
275: or
276: .I GAMMA.
277: Mathematical words like sin, cos, log are made Roman automatically.
278: .IR Troff (1)
279: four-character escapes like \e(bs (\(bs)
280: can be used anywhere.
281: Strings enclosed in double quotes "..."
282: are passed through untouched;
283: this permits keywords to be entered as text,
284: and can be used to communicate
285: with
286: .I troff
287: when all else fails.
288: .SH "SEE ALSO"
289: .PP
290: troff(1), tbl(1), ms(7), eqnchar(7)
291: .br
292: B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry,
293: .ul
294: Typesetting Mathematics\(emUser's Guide
295: .br
296: J. F. Ossanna,
297: .ul
298: NROFF/TROFF User's Manual
299: .SH BUGS
300: .PP
301: To embolden digits, parens, etc.,
302: it is necessary to quote them,
303: as in `bold "12.3"'.
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