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1.1 root 1: .TH GREP 1 "11 August 1980"
2: .UC 4
3: .SH NAME
4: grep, egrep, fgrep \- search a file for a pattern
5: .SH SYNOPSIS
6: .B grep
7: [ option ] ...
8: expression [ file ] ...
9: .LP
10: .B egrep
11: [ option ] ...
12: [ expression ]
13: [ file ] ...
14: .LP
15: .B fgrep
16: [ option ] ...
17: [ strings ]
18: [ file ]
19: .SH DESCRIPTION
20: Commands of the
21: .I grep
22: family search the input
23: .I files
24: (standard input default) for lines matching a pattern.
25: Normally, each line found is copied to the standard output.
26: .I Grep
27: patterns are limited regular expressions in the style of
28: .IR ex (1);
29: it uses a compact nondeterministic algorithm.
30: .I Egrep
31: patterns are full regular expressions; it uses a fast deterministic
32: algorithm that sometimes needs exponential space.
33: .I Fgrep
34: patterns are fixed strings; it is fast and compact.
35: The following options are recognized.
36: .TP
37: .B \-v
38: All lines but those matching are printed.
39: .TP
40: .B \-x
41: (Exact) only lines matched in their entirety are printed
42: .RI ( fgrep
43: only).
44: .TP
45: .B \-c
46: Only a count of matching lines is printed.
47: .TP
48: .B \-l
49: The names of files with matching lines are listed (once) separated by newlines.
50: .TP
51: .B \-n
52: Each line is preceded by its relative line number in the file.
53: .TP
54: .B \-b
55: Each line is preceded by the block number on which it was found.
56: This is sometimes useful in locating disk block numbers by context.
57: .TP
58: .B \-i
59: The case of letters is ignored in making comparisons \(em that is, upper and
60: lower case are considered identical. This applies to \fIgrep\fR\| and
61: \fIfgrep\fR only.
62: .TP
63: .B \-s
64: Silent mode. Nothing is printed (except error messages).
65: This is useful for checking the error status.
66: .TP
67: .B \-w
68: The expression is searched for as a word
69: (as if surrounded by `\e<' and `\e>', see
70: .IR ex (1).)
71: (\fIgrep\fR\| only)
72: .TP
73: .BI \-e " expression"
74: Same as a simple
75: .I expression
76: argument, but useful when the
77: .I expression
78: begins with a \-.
79: .TP
80: .BI \-f " file"
81: The regular expression
82: .RI ( egrep )
83: or string list
84: .RI ( fgrep )
85: is taken from the
86: .I file.
87: .LP
88: In all cases the file name is shown if there is more than one input file.
89: Care should be taken when using the characters $ * [ ^ | ( ) and \\ in the
90: .I expression
91: as they are also meaningful to the Shell. It is safest to enclose the entire
92: .I expression
93: argument in single quotes \' \'.
94: .LP
95: .I Fgrep
96: searches for lines that contain one of the (newline-separated)
97: .I strings.
98: .LP
99: .I Egrep
100: accepts extended regular expressions.
101: In the following description `character' excludes newline:
102: .IP
103: A \e followed by a single character other than newline matches that character.
104: .IP
105: The character ^ matches the beginning of a line.
106: .IP
107: The character $ matches the end of a line.
108: .IP
109: A
110: .B .
111: (period) matches any character.
112: .IP
113: A single character not otherwise endowed with special
114: meaning matches that character.
115: .IP
116: A string enclosed in brackets [\|] matches any single character from the string.
117: Ranges of ASCII character codes may be abbreviated as in `a\-z0\-9'.
118: A ]
119: may occur only as the first character of the string.
120: A literal \- must be placed where it can't be mistaken as a range indicator.
121: .IP
122: A regular expression followed by an * (asterisk) matches a sequence of 0
123: or more matches of the regular expression.
124: A regular expression followed by a + (plus) matches a sequence of 1 or more
125: matches of the regular expression.
126: A regular expression followed by a ? (question mark) matches a sequence of
127: 0 or 1 matches of the regular expression.
128: .IP
129: Two regular expressions concatenated match a match of the first followed
130: by a match of the second.
131: .IP
132: Two regular expressions separated by | or newline
133: match either a match for the first or a match for the second.
134: .IP
135: A regular expression enclosed in parentheses
136: matches a match for the regular expression.
137: .LP
138: The order of precedence of operators at the same parenthesis level
139: is [\|] then *+? then concatenation then | and newline.
140: .LP
141: Ideally there should be only one
142: .I grep,
143: but we don't know a single algorithm that spans a wide enough
144: range of space-time tradeoffs.
145: .SH "SEE ALSO"
146: ex(1),
147: sed(1),
148: sh(1)
149: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
150: Exit status is 0 if any matches are found,
151: 1 if none, 2 for syntax errors or inaccessible files.
152: .SH BUGS
153: Lines are limited to 256 characters; longer lines are truncated.
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