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1.1 ! root 1: .TH INTRO 3 "2 April 1983" ! 2: .UC 4 ! 3: .SH NAME ! 4: intro \- introduction to library functions ! 5: .SH DESCRIPTION ! 6: This section describes functions that may be found ! 7: in various libraries. The library functions are those other than the ! 8: functions which directly invoke UNIX system primitives, described in section 2. ! 9: This section has the libraries physically grouped together. This is a ! 10: departure from older versions of the UNIX Programmer's Reference Manual, ! 11: which did not group functions by library. ! 12: The functions described in this section are grouped into various libraries: ! 13: .TP 6n ! 14: (3) and (3S) ! 15: The straight ``3'' functions are the standard C library functions. The ! 16: C library also includes all the functions described in section 2. The ! 17: 3S functions comprise the standard I/O library. Together with the ! 18: (3N), (3X), and (3C) routines, these functions constitute ! 19: library \fIlibc\fP, ! 20: which is automatically loaded by the C compiler ! 21: .IR cc (1), ! 22: the Pascal compiler ! 23: .IR pc (1), ! 24: and the Fortran compiler ! 25: .IR f77 (1). ! 26: The link editor ! 27: .IR ld (1) ! 28: searches this library under the `\-lc' option. ! 29: Declarations for some of these functions may be obtained ! 30: from include files indicated on the appropriate pages. ! 31: .TP ! 32: (3M) ! 33: These functions constitute the math library, ! 34: .IR libm . ! 35: They are automatically loaded as needed by the Pascal ! 36: compiler ! 37: .IR pc (1) ! 38: and the Fortran compiler ! 39: .IR f77 (1). ! 40: The link editor searches this library under the `\-lm' option. ! 41: Declarations for these functions may be obtained from the include file ! 42: .RI < math.h >. ! 43: .TP ! 44: (3N) ! 45: These functions constitute the internet network library, ! 46: .TP ! 47: (3S) ! 48: These functions constitute the `standard I/O package', see ! 49: .IR intro (3S). ! 50: These functions are in the library ! 51: .I libc ! 52: already mentioned. Declarations for these functions may be obtained from ! 53: the include file ! 54: .RI < stdio.h >. ! 55: .TP ! 56: (3X) ! 57: Various specialized libraries have not been given distinctive captions. ! 58: Files in which such libraries are found are named on appropriate pages. ! 59: .TP ! 60: (3C) ! 61: Routines included for compatibility with other systems. In particular, ! 62: a number of system call interfaces provided in previous releases of ! 63: 4BSD have been included for source code compatibility. The manual page ! 64: entry for each compatibility routine indicates the proper interface to use. ! 65: .SH FILES ! 66: .nf ! 67: /lib/libc.a ! 68: /usr/lib/libm.a ! 69: /usr/lib/libc_p.a ! 70: /usr/lib/libm_p.a ! 71: .fi ! 72: .SH SEE ALSO ! 73: intro(3C), ! 74: intro(3S), ! 75: intro(3M), ! 76: intro(3N), ! 77: nm(1), ! 78: ld(1), ! 79: cc(1), ! 80: f77(1), ! 81: intro(2) ! 82: .SH DIAGNOSTICS ! 83: Functions in the math library (3M) may return ! 84: conventional values when the function is undefined for the ! 85: given arguments or when the value is not representable. ! 86: In these cases the external variable ! 87: .I errno ! 88: (see ! 89: .IR intro (2)) ! 90: is set to the value EDOM (domain error) or ERANGE (range error). ! 91: The values of EDOM and ERANGE are defined in the include file ! 92: .RI < math.h >. ! 93: .SH "LIST OF FUNCTIONS" ! 94: .sp 2 ! 95: .nf ! 96: .ta \w'getprotobynumber'u+2n +\w'getprotoent'u+10n ! 97: \fIName\fP \fIAppears on Page\fP \fIDescription\fP ! 98: .ta \w'getprotobynumber'u+4n +\w'getprotoent'u+4n ! 99: .sp 5p ! 100: abort abort.3 generate a fault ! 101: abs abs.3 integer absolute value ! 102: acos sin.3m trigonometric functions ! 103: alarm alarm.3c schedule signal after specified ! 104: time ! 105: alloca malloc.3 memory allocator ! 106: arc plot.3x graphics interface ! 107: asctime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 108: asin sin.3m trigonometric functions ! 109: assert assert.3x program verification ! 110: atan sin.3m trigonometric functions ! 111: atan2 sin.3m trigonometric functions ! 112: atof atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers ! 113: atoi atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers ! 114: atol atof.3 convert ASCII to numbers ! 115: bcmp bstring.3 bit and byte string operations ! 116: bcopy bstring.3 bit and byte string operations ! 117: bzero bstring.3 bit and byte string operations ! 118: cabs hypot.3m Euclidean distance ! 119: calloc malloc.3 memory allocator ! 120: ceil floor.3m absolute value, floor, ceiling ! 121: functions ! 122: circle plot.3x graphics interface ! 123: clearerr ferror.3s stream status inquiries ! 124: closedir directory.3 directory operations ! 125: closelog syslog.3 control system log ! 126: closepl plot.3x graphics interface ! 127: cont plot.3x graphics interface ! 128: cos sin.3m trigonometric functions ! 129: cosh sinh.3m hyperbolic functions ! 130: crypt crypt.3 DES encryption ! 131: ctime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 132: curses curses.3x screen functions with ``optimal'' ! 133: cursor motion ! 134: dbminit dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 135: delete dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 136: ecvt ecvt.3 output conversion ! 137: edata end.3 last locations in program ! 138: encrypt crypt.3 DES encryption ! 139: end end.3 last locations in program ! 140: endfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file ! 141: entry ! 142: endgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 143: endhostent gethostent.3n get network host entry ! 144: endnetent getnetent.3n get network entry ! 145: endprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 146: endpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 147: endservent getservent.3n get service entry ! 148: environ execl.3 execute a file ! 149: erase plot.3x graphics interface ! 150: etext end.3 last locations in program ! 151: exec execl.3 execute a file ! 152: exece execl.3 execute a file ! 153: execl execl.3 execute a file ! 154: execle execl.3 execute a file ! 155: execlp execl.3 execute a file ! 156: exect execl.3 execute a file ! 157: execv execl.3 execute a file ! 158: execvp execl.3 execute a file ! 159: exit exit.3 terminate a process after flushing ! 160: any pending output ! 161: exp exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, ! 162: square root ! 163: fabs floor.3m absolute value, floor, ceiling ! 164: functions ! 165: fclose fclose.3s close or flush a stream ! 166: fcvt ecvt.3 output conversion ! 167: feof ferror.3s stream status inquiries ! 168: ferror ferror.3s stream status inquiries ! 169: fetch dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 170: fflush fclose.3s close or flush a stream ! 171: ffs bstring.3 bit and byte string operations ! 172: fgetc getc.3s get character or word from stream ! 173: fgets gets.3s get a string from a stream ! 174: fileno ferror.3s stream status inquiries ! 175: firstkey dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 176: floor floor.3m absolute value, floor, ceiling ! 177: functions ! 178: fprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion ! 179: fputc putc.3s put character or word on a stream ! 180: fputs puts.3s put a string on a stream ! 181: fread fread.3s buffered binary input/output ! 182: free malloc.3 memory allocator ! 183: frexp frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent ! 184: fscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion ! 185: fseek fseek.3s reposition a stream ! 186: ftell fseek.3s reposition a stream ! 187: ftime time.3c get date and time ! 188: fwrite fread.3s buffered binary input/output ! 189: gamma gamma.3m log gamma function ! 190: gcvt ecvt.3 output conversion ! 191: getc getc.3s get character or word from stream ! 192: getchar getc.3s get character or word from stream ! 193: getdiskbyname getdisk.3x get disk description by its name ! 194: getenv getenv.3 value for environment name ! 195: getfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 196: getfsfile getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 197: getfsspec getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 198: getfstype getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 199: getgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 200: getgrgid getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 201: getgrnam getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 202: gethostbyaddr gethostent.3n get network host entry ! 203: gethostbyname gethostent.3n get network host entry ! 204: gethostent gethostent.3n get network host entry ! 205: getlogin getlogin.3 get login name ! 206: getnetbyaddr getnetent.3n get network entry ! 207: getnetbyname getnetent.3n get network entry ! 208: getnetent getnetent.3n get network entry ! 209: getpass getpass.3 read a password ! 210: getprotobyname getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 211: getprotobynumber getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 212: getprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 213: getpw getpw.3 get name from uid ! 214: getpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 215: getpwnam getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 216: getpwuid getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 217: gets gets.3s get a string from a stream ! 218: getservbyname getservent.3n get service entry ! 219: getservbyport getservent.3n get service entry ! 220: getservent getservent.3n get service entry ! 221: getw getc.3s get character or word from stream ! 222: getwd getwd.3 get current working directory pathname ! 223: gmtime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 224: gtty stty.3c set and get terminal state (defunct) ! 225: htonl byteorder.3n convert values between host and ! 226: network byte order ! 227: htons byteorder.3n convert values between host and ! 228: network byte order ! 229: hypot hypot.3m Euclidean distance ! 230: index string.3 string operations ! 231: inet_addr inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 232: inet_lnaof inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 233: inet_makeaddr inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 234: inet_netof inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 235: inet_network inet.3n Internet address manipulation routines ! 236: initgroups initgroups.3x initialize group access list ! 237: initstate random.3 better random number generator ! 238: insque insque.3 insert/remove element from a queue ! 239: isalnum ctype.3 character classification macros ! 240: isalpha ctype.3 character classification macros ! 241: isascii ctype.3 character classification macros ! 242: isatty ttyname.3 find name of a terminal ! 243: iscntrl ctype.3 character classification macros ! 244: isdigit ctype.3 character classification macros ! 245: islower ctype.3 character classification macros ! 246: isprint ctype.3 character classification macros ! 247: ispunct ctype.3 character classification macros ! 248: isspace ctype.3 character classification macros ! 249: isupper ctype.3 character classification macros ! 250: j0 j0.3m bessel functions ! 251: j1 j0.3m bessel functions ! 252: jn j0.3m bessel functions ! 253: label plot.3x graphics interface ! 254: ldexp frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent ! 255: terminal ! 256: line plot.3x graphics interface ! 257: linemod plot.3x graphics interface ! 258: localtime ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 259: log exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, ! 260: square root ! 261: log10 exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, ! 262: square root ! 263: longjmp setjmp.3 non-local goto ! 264: malloc malloc.3 memory allocator ! 265: mktemp mktemp.3 make a unique file name ! 266: modf frexp.3 split into mantissa and exponent ! 267: moncontrol monitor.3 prepare execution profile ! 268: monitor monitor.3 prepare execution profile ! 269: monstartup monitor.3 prepare execution profile ! 270: move plot.3x graphics interface ! 271: nextkey dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 272: nice nice.3c set program priority ! 273: nlist nlist.3 get entries from name list ! 274: ntohl byteorder.3n convert values between host and ! 275: network byte order ! 276: ntohs byteorder.3n convert values between host and ! 277: network byte order ! 278: opendir directory.3 directory operations ! 279: openlog syslog.3 control system log ! 280: pause pause.3c stop until signal ! 281: pclose popen.3 initiate I/O to/from a process ! 282: perror perror.3 system error messages ! 283: plot: openpl plot.3x graphics interface ! 284: point plot.3x graphics interface ! 285: popen popen.3 initiate I/O to/from a process ! 286: pow exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, ! 287: square root ! 288: printf printf.3s formatted output conversion ! 289: psignal psignal.3 system signal messages ! 290: putc putc.3s put character or word on a stream ! 291: putchar putc.3s put character or word on a stream ! 292: puts puts.3s put a string on a stream ! 293: putw putc.3s put character or word on a stream ! 294: qsort qsort.3 quicker sort ! 295: rand rand.3c random number generator ! 296: random random.3 better random number generator ! 297: rcmd rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to ! 298: a remote command ! 299: re_comp regex.3 regular expression handler ! 300: re_exec regex.3 regular expression handler ! 301: readdir directory.3 directory operations ! 302: realloc malloc.3 memory allocator ! 303: remque insque.3 insert/remove element from a queue ! 304: rewind fseek.3s reposition a stream ! 305: rewinddir directory.3 directory operations ! 306: rexec rexec.3x return stream to a remote command ! 307: rindex string.3 string operations ! 308: rresvport rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to ! 309: a remote command ! 310: ruserok rcmd.3x routines for returning a stream to ! 311: a remote command ! 312: scandir scandir.3 scan a directory ! 313: scanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion ! 314: seekdir directory.3 directory operations ! 315: setbuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream ! 316: setbuffer setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream ! 317: setegid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 318: seteuid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 319: setfsent getfsent.3x get file system descriptor file entry ! 320: setgid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 321: setgrent getgrent.3 get group file entry ! 322: sethostent gethostent.3n get network host entry ! 323: setjmp setjmp.3 non-local goto ! 324: setkey crypt.3 DES encryption ! 325: setlinebuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream ! 326: setnetent getnetent.3n get network entry ! 327: setprotoent getprotoent.3n get protocol entry ! 328: setpwent getpwent.3 get password file entry ! 329: setrgid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 330: setruid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 331: setservent getservent.3n get service entry ! 332: setstate random.3 better random number generator ! 333: setuid setuid.3 set user and group ID ! 334: signal signal.3 simplified software signal facilities ! 335: sin sin.3m trigonometric functions ! 336: sinh sinh.3m hyperbolic functions ! 337: sleep sleep.3 suspend execution for interval ! 338: space plot.3x graphics interface ! 339: sprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion ! 340: sqrt exp.3m exponential, logarithm, power, square ! 341: root ! 342: srand rand.3c random number generator ! 343: srandom random.3 better random number generator ! 344: sscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion ! 345: stdio intro.3s standard buffered input/output package ! 346: store dbm.3x data base subroutines ! 347: strcat string.3 string operations ! 348: strcmp string.3 string operations ! 349: strcpy string.3 string operations ! 350: strlen string.3 string operations ! 351: strncat string.3 string operations ! 352: strncmp string.3 string operations ! 353: strncpy string.3 string operations ! 354: stty stty.3c set and get terminal state (defunct) ! 355: swab swab.3 swap bytes ! 356: sys_errlist perror.3 system error messages ! 357: sys_nerr perror.3 system error messages ! 358: sys_siglist psignal.3 system signal messages ! 359: syslog syslog.3 control system log ! 360: system system.3 issue a shell command ! 361: tan sin.3m trigonometric functions ! 362: tanh sinh.3m hyperbolic functions ! 363: telldir directory.3 directory operations ! 364: tgetent termcap.3x terminal independent operation ! 365: routines ! 366: tgetflag termcap.3x terminal independent operation ! 367: routines ! 368: tgetnum termcap.3x terminal independent operation ! 369: routines ! 370: tgetstr termcap.3x terminal independent operation ! 371: routines ! 372: tgoto termcap.3x terminal independent operation ! 373: routines ! 374: time time.3c get date and time ! 375: times times.3c get process times ! 376: timezone ctime.3 convert date and time to ASCII ! 377: tputs termcap.3x terminal independent operation ! 378: routines ! 379: ttyname ttyname.3 find name of a terminal ! 380: ttyslot ttyname.3 find name of a terminal ! 381: ungetc ungetc.3s push character back into input stream ! 382: utime utime.3c set file times ! 383: valloc valloc.3 aligned memory allocator ! 384: varargs varargs.3 variable argument list ! 385: vlimit vlimit.3c control maximum system resource ! 386: consumption ! 387: vtimes vtimes.3c get information about resource ! 388: utilization ! 389: y0 j0.3m bessel functions ! 390: y1 j0.3m bessel functions ! 391: yn j0.3m bessel functions ! 392: .fi
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