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1.1 root 1: .TH INTRO 3S "18 July 1983"
2: .UC 4
3: .SH NAME
4: stdio \- standard buffered input/output package
5: .SH SYNOPSIS
6: .B #include <stdio.h>
7: .PP
8: .SM
9: .B FILE
10: .B *stdin;
11: .br
12: .SM
13: .B FILE
14: .B *stdout;
15: .br
16: .SM
17: .B FILE
18: .B *stderr;
19: .SH DESCRIPTION
20: The functions described in section 3S constitute a user-level buffering
21: scheme. The in-line macros
22: .I getc
23: and
24: .IR putc (3S)
25: handle characters quickly. The higher level routines
26: .IR gets ,
27: .IR fgets ,
28: .IR scanf ,
29: .IR fscanf ,
30: .IR fread ,
31: .IR puts ,
32: .IR fputs ,
33: .IR printf ,
34: .IR fprintf ,
35: .IR fwrite
36: all use
37: .I getc
38: and
39: .IR putc ;
40: they can be freely intermixed.
41: .PP
42: A file with associated buffering is called a
43: .IR stream ,
44: and is declared to be a pointer to a defined type
45: .SM
46: .BR FILE .
47: .IR Fopen (3S)
48: creates certain descriptive data for a stream
49: and returns a pointer to designate the stream in all further transactions.
50: There are three normally open streams with constant pointers declared in
51: the include file and associated with the standard open files:
52: .TP 10n
53: .B stdin
54: standard input file
55: .br
56: .ns
57: .TP
58: .B stdout
59: standard output file
60: .br
61: .ns
62: .TP
63: .B stderr
64: standard error file
65: .PP
66: A constant `pointer'
67: .SM
68: .B NULL
69: (0)
70: designates no stream at all.
71: .PP
72: An integer constant
73: .SM
74: .B EOF
75: (\-1) is returned upon end of file or error by integer functions that
76: deal with streams.
77: .PP
78: Any routine that uses the standard input/output package
79: must include the header file
80: .RI < stdio.h >
81: of pertinent macro definitions.
82: The functions and constants mentioned in sections labeled 3S
83: are declared in the include file and need no further declaration.
84: The constants, and the following `functions' are
85: implemented as macros; redeclaration of these names is perilous:
86: .IR getc ,
87: .IR getchar ,
88: .IR putc ,
89: .IR putchar ,
90: .IR feof ,
91: .IR ferror ,
92: .IR fileno .
93: .SH "SEE ALSO"
94: open(2), close(2), read(2), write(2), fread(3S), fseek(3S), f*(3S)
95: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
96: The value
97: .SM
98: .B EOF
99: is returned uniformly to indicate that a
100: .SM
101: .B FILE
102: pointer has not been initialized with
103: .IR fopen ,
104: input (output) has been attempted on an output (input) stream, or a
105: .SM
106: .B FILE
107: pointer designates corrupt or otherwise unintelligible
108: .SM
109: .B FILE
110: data.
111: .PP
112: For purposes of efficiency, this implementation of the standard library
113: has been changed to line buffer output to a terminal by default and attempts
114: to do this transparently by flushing the output whenever a
115: .IR read (2)
116: from the standard input is necessary. This is almost always transparent,
117: but may cause confusion or malfunctioning of programs which use
118: standard i/o routines but use
119: .IR read (2)
120: themselves to read from the standard input.
121: .PP
122: In cases where a large amount of computation is done after printing
123: part of a line on an output terminal, it is necessary to
124: .IR fflush (3S)
125: the standard output before going off and computing so that the output
126: will appear.
127: .SH BUGS
128: The standard buffered functions do not interact well with certain other
129: library and system functions, especially \fIvfork\fP and \fIabort\fP.
130: .SH "LIST OF FUNCTIONS"
131: .sp 2
132: .nf
133: .ta \w'setlinebuf'u+2n +\w'setbuf.3s'u+10n
134: \fIName\fP \fIAppears on Page\fP \fIDescription\fP
135: .ta \w'setlinebuf'u+4n +\w'setbuf.3s'u+4n
136: .sp 5p
137: clearerr ferror.3s stream status inquiries
138: fclose fclose.3s close or flush a stream
139: fdopen fopen.3s open a stream
140: feof ferror.3s stream status inquiries
141: ferror ferror.3s stream status inquiries
142: fflush fclose.3s close or flush a stream
143: fgetc getc.3s get character or word from stream
144: fgets gets.3s get a string from a stream
145: fileno ferror.3s stream status inquiries
146: fopen fopen.3s open a stream
147: fprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion
148: fputc putc.3s put character or word on a stream
149: fputs puts.3s put a string on a stream
150: fread fread.3s buffered binary input/output
151: freopen fopen.3s open a stream
152: fscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
153: fseek fseek.3s reposition a stream
154: ftell fseek.3s reposition a stream
155: fwrite fread.3s buffered binary input/output
156: getc getc.3s get character or word from stream
157: getchar getc.3s get character or word from stream
158: gets gets.3s get a string from a stream
159: getw getc.3s get character or word from stream
160: printf printf.3s formatted output conversion
161: putc putc.3s put character or word on a stream
162: putchar putc.3s put character or word on a stream
163: puts puts.3s put a string on a stream
164: putw putc.3s put character or word on a stream
165: rewind fseek.3s reposition a stream
166: scanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
167: setbuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
168: setbuffer setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
169: setlinebuf setbuf.3s assign buffering to a stream
170: sprintf printf.3s formatted output conversion
171: sscanf scanf.3s formatted input conversion
172: ungetc ungetc.3s push character back into input stream
173: .fi
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