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1.1     ! root        1: .de us
        !             2: \\$1\l'|0\(ul'
        !             3: ..
        !             4: .TH FSCK 8 "4 February 1983"
        !             5: .UC 4
        !             6: .SH NAME
        !             7: fsck \- file system consistency check and interactive repair
        !             8: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !             9: .B /etc/fsck
        !            10: .B \-p
        !            11: [
        !            12: filesystem ...
        !            13: ]
        !            14: .br
        !            15: .B /etc/fsck
        !            16: [
        !            17: .B \-b
        !            18: block#
        !            19: ] [
        !            20: .B \-y
        !            21: ] [
        !            22: .B \-n
        !            23: ] [
        !            24: filesystem 
        !            25: ] ...
        !            26: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            27: The first form of
        !            28: .I fsck
        !            29: preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified file systems.
        !            30: It is normally used in the script
        !            31: .B /etc/rc
        !            32: during automatic reboot.
        !            33: In this case
        !            34: .I fsck
        !            35: reads the table
        !            36: .B /etc/fstab
        !            37: to determine which file systems to check.
        !            38: It uses the information there to inspect groups of disks in parallel taking
        !            39: maximum advantage of i/o overlap to check the file systems
        !            40: as quickly as possible.
        !            41: Normally, the root file system will be checked on pass 1, other
        !            42: ``root'' (``a'' partition) file systems on pass 2, other
        !            43: small file systems on separate passes (e.g. the ``d'' file systems
        !            44: on pass 3 and the ``e'' file systems on pass 4), and finally
        !            45: the large user file systems on the last pass, e.g. pass 5.
        !            46: A pass number of 0 in fstab causes a disk to not be checked; similarly
        !            47: partitions which are not shown as to be mounted ``rw'' or ``ro''
        !            48: are not checked.
        !            49: .PP
        !            50: The system takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous
        !            51: inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
        !            52: These are limited to the following:
        !            53: .IP
        !            54: Unreferenced inodes
        !            55: .ns
        !            56: .IP
        !            57: Link counts in inodes too large
        !            58: .ns
        !            59: .IP
        !            60: Missing blocks in the free list
        !            61: .ns
        !            62: .IP
        !            63: Blocks in the free list also in files
        !            64: .ns
        !            65: .IP
        !            66: Counts in the super-block wrong
        !            67: .PP
        !            68: These are the only inconsistencies which
        !            69: .I fsck
        !            70: with the
        !            71: .B \-p
        !            72: option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
        !            73: with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
        !            74: For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
        !            75: identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
        !            76: and the nature of the correction.  After successfully correcting a file
        !            77: system,
        !            78: .I fsck
        !            79: will print the number of files on that file system and the number of
        !            80: used and free blocks.
        !            81: .PP
        !            82: Without the
        !            83: .B \-p
        !            84: option,
        !            85: .I fsck
        !            86: audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems. 
        !            87: If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
        !            88: before each correction is attempted.
        !            89: It should be noted that a number of the corrective actions which are not
        !            90: fixable under the
        !            91: .B \-p
        !            92: option will result in some loss
        !            93: of data.
        !            94: The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
        !            95: output.
        !            96: The default action for each consistency correction
        !            97: is to wait for the operator to respond \fByes\fP or \fBno\fP.
        !            98: If the operator does not have write permission 
        !            99: .I fsck
        !           100: will default to a 
        !           101: .BR "\-n " action.
        !           102: .PP
        !           103: .I Fsck
        !           104: has more consistency checks than
        !           105: its predecessors
        !           106: .IR "check, dcheck, fcheck, " "and" " icheck"
        !           107: combined.
        !           108: .PP
        !           109: The following flags are interpreted by
        !           110: .I fsck.
        !           111: .TP 6
        !           112: .B \-b
        !           113: Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
        !           114: the super block for the file system.  Block 16 is always
        !           115: an alternate super block.
        !           116: .TP 6
        !           117: .B  \-y
        !           118: Assume a yes response to all questions asked by 
        !           119: .I fsck;
        !           120: this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
        !           121: to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
        !           122: .TP 6
        !           123: .B  \-n
        !           124: Assume a no response to all questions asked by 
        !           125: .I fsck;
        !           126: do not open the file system for writing.
        !           127: .PP
        !           128: If no filesystems are given to 
        !           129: .I fsck
        !           130: then a default list of file systems is read from
        !           131: the file
        !           132: .BR /etc/fstab .
        !           133: .PP
        !           134: .ne 10
        !           135: Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
        !           136: .TP 6
        !           137: 1.
        !           138: Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free list.
        !           139: .br
        !           140: .br
        !           141: .ns
        !           142: .TP 6
        !           143: 2.
        !           144: Blocks claimed by an inode or the free list outside the range of the file system.
        !           145: .br
        !           146: .br
        !           147: .ns
        !           148: .TP 6
        !           149: 3.
        !           150: Incorrect link counts.
        !           151: .br
        !           152: .br
        !           153: .ns
        !           154: .TP 6
        !           155: 4.
        !           156: Size checks:
        !           157: .br
        !           158: .ns
        !           159: .IP "" 12
        !           160: Directory size not of proper format.
        !           161: .br
        !           162: .br
        !           163: .ns
        !           164: .TP 6
        !           165: 5.
        !           166: Bad inode format.
        !           167: .br
        !           168: .br
        !           169: .ns
        !           170: .TP 6
        !           171: 6.
        !           172: Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
        !           173: .br
        !           174: .br
        !           175: .ns
        !           176: .TP 6
        !           177: 7.
        !           178: Directory checks:
        !           179: .br
        !           180: .br
        !           181: .ns
        !           182: .IP "" 12
        !           183: File pointing to unallocated inode.
        !           184: .br
        !           185: Inode number out of range.
        !           186: .br
        !           187: .br
        !           188: .ns
        !           189: .TP 6
        !           190: 8.
        !           191: Super Block checks:
        !           192: .br
        !           193: .br
        !           194: .ns
        !           195: .IP "" 12
        !           196: .br
        !           197: More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
        !           198: .br
        !           199: .br
        !           200: .ns
        !           201: .TP 6
        !           202: 9.
        !           203: Bad free block list format.
        !           204: .br
        !           205: .br
        !           206: .ns
        !           207: .TP 6
        !           208: 10.
        !           209: Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
        !           210: .PP
        !           211: Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
        !           212: with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
        !           213: placing them in the 
        !           214: .B lost+found
        !           215: directory.
        !           216: The name assigned is the inode number. The only restriction
        !           217: is that the directory 
        !           218: .B lost+found
        !           219: must preexist
        !           220: in the root of the filesystem being checked and
        !           221: must have empty slots in which entries can be made.
        !           222: This is accomplished by making 
        !           223: .BR lost+found ,
        !           224: copying a number of files to the directory, and then removing them
        !           225: (before
        !           226: .I
        !           227: fsck
        !           228: is executed).
        !           229: .PP
        !           230: Checking the raw device is almost always faster.
        !           231: .SH FILES
        !           232: .br
        !           233: .ns
        !           234: .TP 21
        !           235: /etc/fstab
        !           236: contains default list of file systems to check.
        !           237: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
        !           238: The diagnostics produced by 
        !           239: .I fsck
        !           240: are intended to be self-explanatory.
        !           241: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           242: fstab(5),
        !           243: fs(5),
        !           244: newfs(8),
        !           245: mkfs(8),
        !           246: reboot(8)
        !           247: .SH BUGS
        !           248: Inode numbers for
        !           249: .BR . ""
        !           250: and
        !           251: .BR .. ""
        !           252: in each directory should be checked for validity.
        !           253: .PP
        !           254: There should be some way to start a \fBfsck \-p\fR at pass \fIn\fR.

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