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1.1 root 1: .de us
2: \\$1\l'|0\(ul'
3: ..
4: .TH FSCK 8 "4 February 1983"
5: .UC 4
6: .SH NAME
7: fsck \- file system consistency check and interactive repair
8: .SH SYNOPSIS
9: .B /etc/fsck
10: .B \-p
11: [
12: filesystem ...
13: ]
14: .br
15: .B /etc/fsck
16: [
17: .B \-b
18: block#
19: ] [
20: .B \-y
21: ] [
22: .B \-n
23: ] [
24: filesystem
25: ] ...
26: .SH DESCRIPTION
27: The first form of
28: .I fsck
29: preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified file systems.
30: It is normally used in the script
31: .B /etc/rc
32: during automatic reboot.
33: In this case
34: .I fsck
35: reads the table
36: .B /etc/fstab
37: to determine which file systems to check.
38: It uses the information there to inspect groups of disks in parallel taking
39: maximum advantage of i/o overlap to check the file systems
40: as quickly as possible.
41: Normally, the root file system will be checked on pass 1, other
42: ``root'' (``a'' partition) file systems on pass 2, other
43: small file systems on separate passes (e.g. the ``d'' file systems
44: on pass 3 and the ``e'' file systems on pass 4), and finally
45: the large user file systems on the last pass, e.g. pass 5.
46: A pass number of 0 in fstab causes a disk to not be checked; similarly
47: partitions which are not shown as to be mounted ``rw'' or ``ro''
48: are not checked.
49: .PP
50: The system takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous
51: inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
52: These are limited to the following:
53: .IP
54: Unreferenced inodes
55: .ns
56: .IP
57: Link counts in inodes too large
58: .ns
59: .IP
60: Missing blocks in the free list
61: .ns
62: .IP
63: Blocks in the free list also in files
64: .ns
65: .IP
66: Counts in the super-block wrong
67: .PP
68: These are the only inconsistencies which
69: .I fsck
70: with the
71: .B \-p
72: option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
73: with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
74: For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
75: identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
76: and the nature of the correction. After successfully correcting a file
77: system,
78: .I fsck
79: will print the number of files on that file system and the number of
80: used and free blocks.
81: .PP
82: Without the
83: .B \-p
84: option,
85: .I fsck
86: audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems.
87: If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
88: before each correction is attempted.
89: It should be noted that a number of the corrective actions which are not
90: fixable under the
91: .B \-p
92: option will result in some loss
93: of data.
94: The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
95: output.
96: The default action for each consistency correction
97: is to wait for the operator to respond \fByes\fP or \fBno\fP.
98: If the operator does not have write permission
99: .I fsck
100: will default to a
101: .BR "\-n " action.
102: .PP
103: .I Fsck
104: has more consistency checks than
105: its predecessors
106: .IR "check, dcheck, fcheck, " "and" " icheck"
107: combined.
108: .PP
109: The following flags are interpreted by
110: .I fsck.
111: .TP 6
112: .B \-b
113: Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
114: the super block for the file system. Block 16 is always
115: an alternate super block.
116: .TP 6
117: .B \-y
118: Assume a yes response to all questions asked by
119: .I fsck;
120: this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
121: to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
122: .TP 6
123: .B \-n
124: Assume a no response to all questions asked by
125: .I fsck;
126: do not open the file system for writing.
127: .PP
128: If no filesystems are given to
129: .I fsck
130: then a default list of file systems is read from
131: the file
132: .BR /etc/fstab .
133: .PP
134: .ne 10
135: Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
136: .TP 6
137: 1.
138: Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free list.
139: .br
140: .br
141: .ns
142: .TP 6
143: 2.
144: Blocks claimed by an inode or the free list outside the range of the file system.
145: .br
146: .br
147: .ns
148: .TP 6
149: 3.
150: Incorrect link counts.
151: .br
152: .br
153: .ns
154: .TP 6
155: 4.
156: Size checks:
157: .br
158: .ns
159: .IP "" 12
160: Directory size not of proper format.
161: .br
162: .br
163: .ns
164: .TP 6
165: 5.
166: Bad inode format.
167: .br
168: .br
169: .ns
170: .TP 6
171: 6.
172: Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
173: .br
174: .br
175: .ns
176: .TP 6
177: 7.
178: Directory checks:
179: .br
180: .br
181: .ns
182: .IP "" 12
183: File pointing to unallocated inode.
184: .br
185: Inode number out of range.
186: .br
187: .br
188: .ns
189: .TP 6
190: 8.
191: Super Block checks:
192: .br
193: .br
194: .ns
195: .IP "" 12
196: .br
197: More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
198: .br
199: .br
200: .ns
201: .TP 6
202: 9.
203: Bad free block list format.
204: .br
205: .br
206: .ns
207: .TP 6
208: 10.
209: Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
210: .PP
211: Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
212: with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
213: placing them in the
214: .B lost+found
215: directory.
216: The name assigned is the inode number. The only restriction
217: is that the directory
218: .B lost+found
219: must preexist
220: in the root of the filesystem being checked and
221: must have empty slots in which entries can be made.
222: This is accomplished by making
223: .BR lost+found ,
224: copying a number of files to the directory, and then removing them
225: (before
226: .I
227: fsck
228: is executed).
229: .PP
230: Checking the raw device is almost always faster.
231: .SH FILES
232: .br
233: .ns
234: .TP 21
235: /etc/fstab
236: contains default list of file systems to check.
237: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
238: The diagnostics produced by
239: .I fsck
240: are intended to be self-explanatory.
241: .SH "SEE ALSO"
242: fstab(5),
243: fs(5),
244: newfs(8),
245: mkfs(8),
246: reboot(8)
247: .SH BUGS
248: Inode numbers for
249: .BR . ""
250: and
251: .BR .. ""
252: in each directory should be checked for validity.
253: .PP
254: There should be some way to start a \fBfsck \-p\fR at pass \fIn\fR.
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