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1.1 ! root 1: .TH ROUTED 8C "3 February 1983" ! 2: .UC 4 ! 3: .SH NAME ! 4: routed \- network routing daemon ! 5: .SH SYNOPSIS ! 6: .B /etc/routed ! 7: [ ! 8: .B \-s ! 9: ] [ ! 10: .B \-q ! 11: ] [ ! 12: .B \-t ! 13: ] [ ! 14: .I logfile ! 15: ] ! 16: .SH DESCRIPTION ! 17: .I Routed ! 18: is invoked at boot time to manage the network routing tables. ! 19: The routing daemon uses a variant of the Xerox NS Routing ! 20: Information Protocol in maintaining up to date kernel routing ! 21: table entries. ! 22: .PP ! 23: In normal operation ! 24: .I routed ! 25: listens on ! 26: .IR udp (4P) ! 27: socket 520 (decimal) ! 28: for routing information packets. If the host is an ! 29: internetwork router, it periodically supplies copies ! 30: of its routing tables to any directly connected hosts ! 31: and networks. ! 32: .PP ! 33: When ! 34: .I routed ! 35: is started, it uses the SIOCGIFCONF ! 36: .I ioctl ! 37: to find those ! 38: directly connected interfaces configured into the ! 39: system and marked ``up'' (the software loopback interface ! 40: is ignored). If multiple interfaces ! 41: are present, it is assumed the host will forward packets ! 42: between networks. ! 43: .I Routed ! 44: then transmits a ! 45: .I request ! 46: packet on each interface (using a broadcast packet if ! 47: the interface supports it) and enters a loop, listening ! 48: for ! 49: .I request ! 50: and ! 51: .I response ! 52: packets from other hosts. ! 53: .PP ! 54: When a ! 55: .I request ! 56: packet is received, ! 57: .I routed ! 58: formulates a reply based on the information maintained in its ! 59: internal tables. The ! 60: .I response ! 61: packet generated contains a list of known routes, each marked ! 62: with a ``hop count'' metric (a count of 16, or greater, is ! 63: considered ``infinite''). The metric associated with each ! 64: route returned provides a metric ! 65: .IR "relative to the sender" . ! 66: .PP ! 67: .I Response ! 68: packets received by ! 69: .I routed ! 70: are used to update the routing tables if one of the following ! 71: conditions is satisfied: ! 72: .TP ! 73: (1) ! 74: No routing table entry exists for the destination network ! 75: or host, and the metric indicates the destination is ``reachable'' ! 76: (i.e. the hop count is not infinite). ! 77: .TP ! 78: (2) ! 79: The source host of the packet is the same as the router in the ! 80: existing routing table entry. That is, updated information is ! 81: being received from the very internetwork router through which ! 82: packets for the destination are being routed. ! 83: .TP ! 84: (3) ! 85: The existing entry in the routing table has not been updated for ! 86: some time (defined to be 90 seconds) and the route is at least ! 87: as cost effective as the current route. ! 88: .TP ! 89: (4) ! 90: The new route describes a shorter route to the destination than ! 91: the one currently stored in the routing tables; the metric of ! 92: the new route is compared against the one stored in the table ! 93: to decide this. ! 94: .PP ! 95: When an update is applied, ! 96: .I routed ! 97: records the change in its internal tables and generates a ! 98: .I response ! 99: packet to all directly connected hosts and networks. ! 100: .I Routed ! 101: waits a short period ! 102: of time (no more than 30 seconds) before modifying the kernel's ! 103: routing tables to allow possible unstable situations to settle. ! 104: .PP ! 105: In addition to processing incoming packets, ! 106: .I routed ! 107: also periodically checks the routing table entries. ! 108: If an entry has not been updated for 3 minutes, the entry's metric ! 109: is set to infinity and marked for deletion. Deletions are delayed ! 110: an additional 60 seconds to insure the invalidation is propagated ! 111: throughout the internet. ! 112: .PP ! 113: Hosts acting as internetwork routers gratuitously supply their ! 114: routing tables every 30 seconds to all directly connected hosts ! 115: and networks. ! 116: .PP ! 117: Supplying the ! 118: .B \-s ! 119: option forces ! 120: .I routed ! 121: to supply routing information whether it is acting as an internetwork ! 122: router or not. ! 123: The ! 124: .B \-q ! 125: option is the opposite of the ! 126: .B \-s ! 127: option. If the ! 128: .B \-t ! 129: option is specified, all packets sent or received are ! 130: printed on the standard output. In addition, ! 131: .I routed ! 132: will not divorce itself from the controlling terminal ! 133: so that interrupts from the keyboard will kill the process. ! 134: Any other argument supplied is interpreted as the name ! 135: of file in which ! 136: .IR routed 's ! 137: actions should be logged. This log contains information ! 138: about any changes to the routing tables and a history of ! 139: recent messages sent and received which are related to ! 140: the changed route. ! 141: .PP ! 142: In addition to the facilities described above, ! 143: .I routed ! 144: supports the notion of ``distant'' ! 145: .I passive ! 146: and ! 147: .I active ! 148: gateways. When ! 149: .I routed ! 150: is started up, it reads the file ! 151: .I /etc/gateways ! 152: to find gateways which may not be identified using ! 153: the SIOGIFCONF ! 154: .IR ioctl . ! 155: Gateways specified in this manner should be marked passive ! 156: if they are not expected to exchange routing information, ! 157: while gateways marked active ! 158: should be willing to exchange routing information (i.e. ! 159: they should have a ! 160: .I routed ! 161: process running on the machine). ! 162: Passive gateways are maintained in the ! 163: routing tables forever and information ! 164: regarding their existence is included in ! 165: any routing information transmitted. ! 166: Active gateways are treated equally to network ! 167: interfaces. Routing information is distributed ! 168: to the gateway and if no routing information is ! 169: received for a period of the time, the associated ! 170: route is deleted. ! 171: .PP ! 172: The ! 173: .I /etc/gateways ! 174: is comprised of a series of lines, each in ! 175: the following format: ! 176: .PP ! 177: .nf ! 178: < \fBnet\fP | \fBhost\fP > \fIname1\fP \fBgateway\fP \fIname2\fP \fBmetric\fP \fIvalue\fP < \fBpassive\fP | \fBactive\fP > ! 179: .fi ! 180: .PP ! 181: The ! 182: .B net ! 183: or ! 184: .B host ! 185: keyword indicates if the route is to a network or specific host. ! 186: .PP ! 187: .I Name1 ! 188: is the name of the destination network or host. This may be a ! 189: symbolic name located in ! 190: .I /etc/networks ! 191: or ! 192: .IR /etc/hosts , ! 193: or an Internet address specified in ``dot'' notation; see ! 194: .IR inet (3N). ! 195: .PP ! 196: .I Name2 ! 197: is the name or address of the gateway to which messages should ! 198: be forwarded. ! 199: .PP ! 200: .I Value ! 201: is a metric indicating the hop count to the destination host ! 202: or network. ! 203: .PP ! 204: The keyword ! 205: .B passive ! 206: or ! 207: .B active ! 208: indicates if the gateway should be treated as ! 209: .I passive ! 210: or ! 211: .I active ! 212: (as described above). ! 213: .SH FILES ! 214: .DT ! 215: /etc/gateways for distant gateways ! 216: .SH "SEE ALSO" ! 217: ``Internet Transport Protocols'', XSIS 028112, Xerox System Integration ! 218: Standard. ! 219: .br ! 220: udp(4P) ! 221: .SH BUGS ! 222: The kernel's routing tables may not correspond to those of ! 223: .I routed ! 224: for short periods of time while processes utilizing existing ! 225: routes exit; the only remedy for this is to place the routing ! 226: process in the kernel. ! 227: .PP ! 228: .I Routed ! 229: should listen to intelligent interfaces, such as an IMP, and ! 230: to error protocols, such as ICMP, to gather more information.
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