![[BACK]](/cvsweb/icons/back.gif){kind=icon}
Return to gcc.info-1 CVS log ![[TXT]](/cvsweb/icons/text.gif){kind=icon}
![[DIR]](/cvsweb/icons/dir.gif){kind=icon}
Up to [GCC 2.x] / gcc|
Return to gcc.info-1 CVS log | Up to [GCC 2.x] / gcc |
1.1.1.4 ! root 1: This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.49 from the input 1.1 root 2: file gcc.texi. 3: 4: This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. 5: 6: Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 7: 1.1.1.3 root 8: Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this 9: manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are 10: preserved on all copies. 1.1 root 11: 12: Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of 13: this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also 1.1.1.4 ! root 14: that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License" and "Protect ! 15: Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are included exactly as in the ! 16: original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is ! 17: distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this ! 18: one. 1.1 root 19: 20: Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this 21: manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified 1.1.1.3 root 22: versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public 1.1.1.4 ! root 23: License" and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'", and this ! 24: permission notice, may be included in translations approved by the Free ! 25: Software Foundation instead of in the original English. 1.1 root 26: 27: 28: File: gcc.info, Node: Top, Next: Copying, Up: (DIR) 29: 30: Introduction 31: ************ 32: 33: This manual documents how to run, install and port the GNU C 1.1.1.3 root 34: compiler, as well as its new features and incompatibilities, and how to 1.1.1.4 ! root 35: report bugs. It corresponds to GNU CC version 2.3. 1.1 root 36: 37: * Menu: 38: 39: * Copying:: GNU General Public License says 40: how you can copy and share GNU CC. 41: * Contributors:: People who have contributed to GNU CC. 42: * Boycott:: Protect your freedom--fight "look and feel". 1.1.1.3 root 43: * Invoking GCC:: Command options supported by `gcc'. 1.1 root 44: * Installation:: How to configure, compile and install GNU CC. 1.1.1.3 root 45: * Extensions:: GNU extensions to the C language. 1.1 root 46: * Trouble:: If you have trouble installing GNU CC. 1.1.1.3 root 47: * Bugs:: How, why and where to report bugs. 1.1 root 48: * Service:: How to find suppliers of support for GNU CC. 49: * VMS:: Using GNU CC on VMS. 50: * Portability:: Goals of GNU CC's portability features. 51: * Interface:: Function-call interface of GNU CC output. 52: * Passes:: Order of passes, what they do, and what each file is for. 53: * RTL:: The intermediate representation that most passes work on. 54: * Machine Desc:: How to write machine description instruction patterns. 1.1.1.2 root 55: * Target Macros:: How to write the machine description C macros. 1.1 root 56: * Config:: Writing the `xm-MACHINE.h' file. 57: * Index:: Index of concepts and symbol names. 58: 59: 60: File: gcc.info, Node: Copying, Next: Contributors, Prev: Top, Up: Top 61: 62: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 63: ************************** 64: 1.1.1.3 root 65: Version 2, June 1991 1.1 root 66: 67: Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 68: 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 69: 70: Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 71: of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 72: 73: Preamble 74: ======== 75: 76: The licenses for most software are designed to take away your 77: freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public 78: License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free 79: software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This 80: General Public License applies to most of the Free Software 81: Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to 82: using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by 83: the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to 84: your programs, too. 85: 86: When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not 87: price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you 88: have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for 89: this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it 1.1.1.3 root 90: if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in 91: new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. 1.1 root 92: 93: To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid 1.1.1.3 root 94: anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. 1.1 root 95: These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you 96: distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. 97: 98: For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether 99: gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that 100: you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the 101: source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their 102: rights. 103: 104: We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, 1.1.1.3 root 105: and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, 106: distribute and/or modify the software. 1.1 root 107: 108: Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain 109: that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free 1.1.1.3 root 110: software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we 111: want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so 112: that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original 113: authors' reputations. 1.1 root 114: 115: Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software 116: patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free 117: program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the 118: program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any 119: patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. 120: 121: The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and 122: modification follow. 123: 1.1.1.3 root 124: TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 1.1 root 125: 1.1.1.3 root 126: 1. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a 127: notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed 128: under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", 129: below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on 130: the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under 131: copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a 132: portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or 133: translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is 134: included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each 135: licensee is addressed as "you". 136: 137: Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are 138: not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act 139: of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the 140: Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on 141: the Program (independent of having been made by running the 142: Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1.1 root 143: 144: 2. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's 145: source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you 1.1.1.3 root 146: conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate 147: copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the 148: notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any 149: warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of 150: this License along with the Program. 151: 152: You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, 153: and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange 154: for a fee. 1.1 root 155: 156: 3. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion 157: of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and 158: distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 159: above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: 160: 161: a. You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices 1.1.1.3 root 162: stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. 1.1 root 163: 164: b. You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that 165: in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program 166: or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge 167: to all third parties under the terms of this License. 168: 169: c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively 170: when run, you must cause it, when started running for such 1.1.1.3 root 171: interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display 172: an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and 173: a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you 174: provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the 175: program under these conditions, and telling the user how to 176: view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program 177: itself is interactive but does not normally print such an 178: announcement, your work based on the Program is not required 179: to print an announcement.) 1.1 root 180: 1.1.1.3 root 181: These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If 1.1 root 182: identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the 1.1.1.3 root 183: Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate 184: works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not 185: apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate 186: works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a 187: whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of 188: the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions 189: for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each 190: and every part regardless of who wrote it. 1.1 root 191: 1.1.1.3 root 192: Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or 1.1 root 193: contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the 194: intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of 195: derivative or collective works based on the Program. 196: 1.1.1.3 root 197: In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the 1.1 root 198: Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on 199: a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the 200: other work under the scope of this License. 201: 202: 4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, 1.1.1.3 root 203: under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms 204: of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the 205: following: 1.1 root 206: 207: a. Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable 208: source code, which must be distributed under the terms of 209: Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for 210: software interchange; or, 211: 212: b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three 1.1.1.3 root 213: years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your 214: cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete 215: machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be 216: distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a 217: medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 218: 219: c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer 220: to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is 221: allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you 222: received the program in object code or executable form with 223: such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) 224: 225: The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for 226: making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete 227: source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, 228: plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts 229: used to control compilation and installation of the executable. 230: However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need 231: not include anything that is normally distributed (in either 232: source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, 233: kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable 234: runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. 235: 236: If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering 237: access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent 238: access to copy the source code from the same place counts as 239: distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not 240: compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 1.1 root 241: 242: 5. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program 243: except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 244: otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is 245: void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this 1.1.1.3 root 246: License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, 1.1 root 247: from you under this License will not have their licenses 248: terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 249: 250: 6. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not 251: signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify 252: or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions 253: are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. 254: Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work 255: based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this 256: License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, 257: distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 258: 259: 7. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the 260: Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the 261: original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program 262: subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any 263: further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights 1.1.1.3 root 264: granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance 1.1 root 265: by third parties to this License. 266: 267: 8. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent 268: infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent 269: issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, 270: agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this 271: License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this 1.1.1.3 root 272: License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously 273: your obligations under this License and any other pertinent 274: obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the 275: Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit 276: royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who 277: receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only 278: way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain 279: entirely from distribution of the Program. 280: 281: If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable 282: under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is 283: intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply 284: in other circumstances. 285: 286: It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any 287: patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of 288: any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting 289: the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is 290: implemented by public license practices. Many people have made 291: generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed 292: through that system in reliance on consistent application of that 293: system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is 294: willing to distribute software through any other system and a 295: licensee cannot impose that choice. 1.1 root 296: 1.1.1.3 root 297: This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed 298: to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 1.1 root 299: 300: 9. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in 301: certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, 302: the original copyright holder who places the Program under this 303: License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation 304: excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only 305: in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this 306: License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of 307: this License. 308: 309: 10. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new 310: versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such 1.1.1.3 root 311: new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but 312: may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. 1.1 root 313: 1.1.1.3 root 314: Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the 1.1 root 315: Program specifies a version number of this License which applies 316: to it and "any later version", you have the option of following 317: the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later 1.1.1.3 root 318: version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program 319: does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose 320: any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 1.1 root 321: 322: 11. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free 1.1.1.3 root 323: programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the 324: author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted 325: by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software 326: Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision 327: will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of 328: all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing 329: and reuse of software generally. 1.1 root 330: 1.1.1.3 root 331: NO WARRANTY 1.1 root 332: 333: 12. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO 334: WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE 335: LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT 336: HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT 337: WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT 338: NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND 339: FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE 340: QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE 341: PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY 342: SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 343: 344: 13. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN 345: WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY 346: MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE 347: LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, 348: INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR 1.1.1.3 root 349: INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF 350: DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU 351: OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY 352: OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN 1.1 root 353: ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 354: 1.1.1.3 root 355: END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 1.1 root 356: 1.1.1.4 ! root 357: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs ! 358: ============================================= 1.1 root 359: 360: If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 361: possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 362: free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these 363: terms. 364: 365: To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest 366: to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 367: convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 368: the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 369: 1.1.1.4 ! root 370: ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND AN IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. 1.1 root 371: Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR 372: 1.1.1.4 ! root 373: This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ! 374: modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License ! 375: as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 ! 376: of the License, or (at your option) any later version. 1.1 root 377: 378: This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 379: but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 380: MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 381: GNU General Public License for more details. 382: 383: You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License 384: along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software 385: Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 386: 387: Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper 388: mail. 389: 390: If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like 391: this when it starts in an interactive mode: 392: 393: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR 1.1.1.4 ! root 394: Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details ! 395: type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome ! 396: to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' ! 397: for details. 1.1 root 398: 399: The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the 400: appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the 401: commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show 402: c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your 403: program. 404: 405: You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or 406: your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, 407: if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: 408: 1.1.1.4 ! root 409: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright ! 410: interest in the program `Gnomovision' ! 411: (which makes passes at compilers) written ! 412: by James Hacker. 1.1 root 413: 414: SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989 415: Ty Coon, President of Vice 416: 417: This General Public License does not permit incorporating your 418: program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine 419: library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary 1.1.1.3 root 420: applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the 421: GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. 1.1 root 422: 423: 424: File: gcc.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Boycott, Prev: Copying, Up: Top 425: 426: Contributors to GNU CC 427: ********************** 428: 429: In addition to Richard Stallman, several people have written parts 430: of GNU CC. 431: 1.1.1.3 root 432: * The idea of using RTL and some of the optimization ideas came from 433: the program PO written at the University of Arizona by Jack 1.1 root 434: Davidson and Christopher Fraser. See "Register Allocation and 435: Exhaustive Peephole Optimization", Software Practice and 436: Experience 14 (9), Sept. 1984, 857-866. 437: 438: * Paul Rubin wrote most of the preprocessor. 439: 440: * Leonard Tower wrote parts of the parser, RTL generator, and RTL 441: definitions, and of the Vax machine description. 442: 443: * Ted Lemon wrote parts of the RTL reader and printer. 444: 1.1.1.3 root 445: * Jim Wilson implemented loop strength reduction and some other loop 446: optimizations. 1.1 root 447: 448: * Nobuyuki Hikichi of Software Research Associates, Tokyo, 449: contributed the support for the Sony NEWS machine. 450: 1.1.1.3 root 451: * Charles LaBrec contributed the support for the Integrated Solutions 452: 68020 system. 1.1 root 453: 454: * Michael Tiemann of Cygnus Support wrote the front end for C++, as 455: well as the support for inline functions and instruction 456: scheduling. Also the descriptions of the National Semiconductor 1.1.1.3 root 457: 32000 series cpu, the SPARC cpu and part of the Motorola 88000 cpu. 1.1 root 458: 459: * Jan Stein of the Chalmers Computer Society provided support for 460: Genix, as well as part of the 32000 machine description. 461: 462: * Randy Smith finished the Sun FPA support. 463: 464: * Robert Brown implemented the support for Encore 32000 systems. 465: 466: * David Kashtan of SRI adapted GNU CC to the Vomit-Making System 467: (VMS). 468: 469: * Alex Crain provided changes for the 3b1. 470: 1.1.1.3 root 471: * Greg Satz and Chris Hanson assisted in making GNU CC work on HP-UX 472: for the 9000 series 300. 1.1 root 473: 474: * William Schelter did most of the work on the Intel 80386 support. 475: 476: * Christopher Smith did the port for Convex machines. 477: 478: * Paul Petersen wrote the machine description for the Alliant FX/8. 479: 480: * Alain Lichnewsky ported GNU CC to the Mips cpu. 481: 482: * Devon Bowen, Dale Wiles and Kevin Zachmann ported GNU CC to the 483: Tahoe. 484: 485: * Jonathan Stone wrote the machine description for the Pyramid 486: computer. 487: 1.1.1.3 root 488: * Gary Miller ported GNU CC to Charles River Data Systems machines. 489: 1.1.1.4 ! root 490: * Richard Kenner of the New York University Ultracomputer Research ! 491: Laboratory wrote the machine descriptions for the AMD 29000, the ! 492: DEC Alpha, the IBM RT PC, and the IBM RS/6000 as well as the ! 493: support for instruction attributes. He also made changes to ! 494: better support RISC processors including changes to common ! 495: subexpression elimination, strength reduction, function calling ! 496: sequence handling, and condition code support, in addition to ! 497: generalizing the code for frame pointer elimination. 1.1 root 498: 499: * Richard Kenner and Michael Tiemann jointly developed reorg.c, the 500: delay slot scheduler. 501: 1.1.1.3 root 502: * Mike Meissner and Tom Wood of Data General finished the port to the 503: Motorola 88000. 1.1 root 504: 505: * Masanobu Yuhara of Fujitsu Laboratories implemented the machine 506: description for the Tron architecture (specifically, the Gmicro). 507: 508: * NeXT, Inc. donated the front end that supports the Objective C 509: language. 510: 1.1.1.3 root 511: * James van Artsdalen wrote the code that makes efficient use of the 512: Intel 80387 register stack. 1.1 root 513: 1.1.1.3 root 514: * Mike Meissner at the Open Software Foundation finished the port to 515: the MIPS cpu, including adding ECOFF debug support. 1.1 root 516: 1.1.1.4 ! root 517: * Ron Guilmette implemented the `protoize' and `unprotoize' tools, ! 518: the support for Dwarf symbolic debugging information, and much of ! 519: the support for System V Release 4. He has also worked heavily on ! 520: the Intel 386 and 860 support. 1.1 root 521: 1.1.1.2 root 522: * Torbjorn Granlund of the Swedish Institute of Computer Science 523: implemented multiply-by-constant optimization and better long long 524: support, and improved leaf function register allocation. 525: 1.1.1.4 ! root 526: * Mike Stump implemented the support for Elxsi 64 bit CPU. ! 527: 1.1 root 528: 529: File: gcc.info, Node: Boycott, Next: Invoking GCC, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top 530: 531: Protect Your Freedom--Fight "Look And Feel" 532: ******************************************* 533: 1.1.1.3 root 534: This section is a political message from the League for Programming 535: Freedom to the users of GNU CC. It is included here as an 536: expression of support for the League on the part of the Free 537: Software Foundation. 1.1 root 538: 1.1.1.2 root 539: Apple and Lotus are trying to create a new form of legal monopoly: a 540: copyright on a class of user interfaces. These monopolies would cause 541: serious problems for users and developers of computer software and 542: systems. Xerox, too, has tried to make a monopoly for itself on window 543: systems; their suit against Apple was thrown out on a technicality, but 544: Xerox has not said anything to indicate it wouldn't try again. 1.1 root 545: 546: Until a few years ago, the law seemed clear: no one could restrict 547: others from using a user interface; programmers were free to implement 1.1.1.3 root 548: any interface they chose. Imitating interfaces, sometimes with changes, 549: was standard practice in the computer field. The interfaces we know 550: evolved gradually in this way; for example, the Macintosh user interface 551: drew ideas from the Xerox interface, which in turn drew on work done at 552: Stanford and SRI. 1-2-3 imitated VisiCalc, and dBase imitated a 553: database program from JPL. 1.1 root 554: 555: Most computer companies, and nearly all computer users, were happy 556: with this state of affairs. The companies that are suing say it does 557: not offer "enough incentive" to develop their products, but they must 558: have considered it "enough" when they made their decision to do so. It 1.1.1.3 root 559: seems they are not satisfied with the opportunity to continue to compete 560: in the marketplace--not even with a head start. 1.1 root 561: 1.1.1.2 root 562: If companies like Xerox, Lotus, and Apple are permitted to make law 563: through the courts, the precedent will hobble the software industry: 1.1 root 564: 565: * Gratuitous incompatibilities will burden users. Imagine if each 566: car manufacturer had to arrange the pedals in a different order. 567: 568: * Software will become and remain more expensive. Users will be 569: "locked in" to proprietary interfaces, for which there is no real 570: competition. 571: 572: * Large companies have an unfair advantage wherever lawsuits become 573: commonplace. Since they can easily afford to sue, they can 574: intimidate small companies with threats even when they don't 575: really have a case. 576: 577: * User interface improvements will come slower, since incremental 578: evolution through creative imitation will no longer be permitted. 579: 1.1.1.3 root 580: * Even Apple, etc., will find it harder to make improvements if they 581: can no longer adapt the good ideas that others introduce, for fear 582: of weakening their own legal positions. Some users suggest that 583: this stagnation may already have started. 1.1 root 584: 585: * If you use GNU software, you might find it of some concern that 586: user interface copyright will make it hard for the Free Software 1.1.1.3 root 587: Foundation to develop programs compatible with the interfaces that 588: you already know. 1.1 root 589: 590: To protect our freedom from lawsuits like these, a group of 591: programmers and users have formed a new grass-roots political 592: organization, the League for Programming Freedom. 593: 594: The purpose of the League is to oppose new monopolistic practices 595: such as user-interface copyright and software patents; it calls for a 596: return to the legal policies of the recent past, in which these 597: practices were not allowed. The League is not concerned with free 598: software as an issue, and not affiliated with the Free Software 599: Foundation. 600: 601: The League's membership rolls include John McCarthy, inventor of 1.1.1.3 root 602: Lisp, Marvin Minsky, founder of the Artificial Intelligence lab, Guy L. 1.1 root 603: Steele, Jr., author of well-known books on Lisp and C, as well as 604: Richard Stallman, the developer of GNU CC. Please join and add your 605: name to the list. Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for 606: programmers, managers and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for 607: others. 608: 1.1.1.3 root 609: The League needs both activist members and members who only pay their 610: dues. 1.1 root 611: 1.1.1.4 ! root 612: To join, or for more information, phone (617) 243-4091 or write to: 1.1 root 613: 614: League for Programming Freedom 615: 1 Kendall Square #143 616: P.O. Box 9171 617: Cambridge, MA 02139 618: 619: You can also send electronic mail to `[email protected]'. 620: 621: Here are some suggestions from the League for things you can do to 622: protect your freedom to write programs: 623: 624: * Don't buy from Xerox, Lotus or Apple. Buy from their competitors 625: or from the defendants they are suing. 626: 627: * Don't develop software to work with the systems made by these 628: companies. 629: 630: * Port your existing software to competing systems, so that you 631: encourage users to switch. 632: 633: * Write letters to company presidents to let them know their conduct 634: is unacceptable. 635: 636: * Tell your friends and colleagues about this issue and how it 637: threatens to ruin the computer industry. 638: 639: * Above all, don't work for the look-and-feel plaintiffs, and don't 640: accept contracts from them. 641: 642: * Write to Congress to explain the importance of this issue. 643: 644: House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property 645: 2137 Rayburn Bldg 646: Washington, DC 20515 647: 648: Senate Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights 649: United States Senate 650: Washington, DC 20510 651: 652: (These committees have received lots of mail already; let's give 653: them even more.) 654: 655: Express your opinion! You can make a difference. 656: 657: 658: File: gcc.info, Node: Invoking GCC, Next: Installation, Prev: Boycott, Up: Top 659: 660: GNU CC Command Options 661: ********************** 662: 663: When you invoke GNU CC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation, 664: assembly and linking. The "overall options" allow you to stop this 665: process at an intermediate stage. For example, the `-c' option says 1.1.1.3 root 666: not to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output 667: by the assembler. 1.1 root 668: 1.1.1.3 root 669: Other options are passed on to one stage of processing. Some options 670: control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself. Yet other 671: options control the assembler and linker; most of these are not 1.1 root 672: documented here, since you rarely need to use any of them. 673: 1.1.1.4 ! root 674: The `gcc' program accepts options and file names as operands. Many ! 675: options have multiletter names; therefore multiple single-letter options ! 676: may *not* be grouped: `-dr' is very different from `-d -r'. 1.1 root 677: 678: You can mix options and other arguments. For the most part, the 1.1.1.4 ! root 679: order you use doesn't matter. Order does matter when you use several ! 680: options of the same kind; for example, if you specify `-L' more than ! 681: once, the directories are searched in the order specified. 1.1 root 682: 683: Many options have long names starting with `-f' or with `-W'--for 684: example, `-fforce-mem', `-fstrength-reduce', `-Wformat' and so on. 685: Most of these have both positive and negative forms; the negative form 686: of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. This manual documents only one of 687: these two forms, whichever one is not the default. 688: 1.1.1.4 ! root 689: * Menu: ! 690: ! 691: * Option Summary:: Brief list of all options, without explanations. ! 692: * Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output: ! 693: an executable, object files, assembler files, ! 694: or preprocessed source. ! 695: * Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of C language compiled. ! 696: * Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? ! 697: * Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. ! 698: * Optimize Options:: How much optimization? ! 699: * Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions. ! 700: Also, getting dependency information for Make. ! 701: * Assembler Options:: Passing options to the assembler. ! 702: * Link Options:: Specifying libraries and so on. ! 703: * Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries. ! 704: Where to find the compiler executable files. ! 705: * Target Options:: Running a cross-compiler, or an old version of GNU CC. ! 706: * Submodel Options:: Specifying minor hardware or convention variations, ! 707: such as 68010 vs 68020. ! 708: * Code Gen Options:: Specifying conventions for function calls, data layout ! 709: and register usage. ! 710: * Environment Variables:: Env vars that affect GNU CC. ! 711: * Running Protoize:: Automatically adding or removing function prototypes. ! 712: ! 713: ! 714: File: gcc.info, Node: Option Summary, Next: Overall Options, Up: Invoking GCC ! 715: ! 716: Option Summary ! 717: ============== ! 718: 1.1.1.3 root 719: Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type. Explanations 720: are in the following sections. 1.1 root 721: 722: *Overall Options* 723: *Note Options Controlling the Kind of Output: Overall Options. 724: -c -S -E -o FILE -pipe -v -x LANGUAGE 725: 726: *Language Options* 727: *Note Options Controlling Dialect: Dialect Options. 1.1.1.4 ! root 728: -ansi -fcond-mismatch -fno-asm -fno-builtin 1.1 root 729: -fsigned-bitfields -fsigned-char 730: -funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char -fwritable-strings 731: -traditional -traditional-cpp -trigraphs 1.1.1.4 ! root 732: -fall-virtual -fdollars-in-identifiers -fenum-int-equiv ! 733: -fno-strict-prototype -fthis-is-variable 1.1 root 734: 735: *Warning Options* 736: *Note Options to Request or Suppress Warnings: Warning Options. 737: -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors 738: -w -W -Wall -Waggregate-return 739: -Wcast-align -Wcast-qual -Wcomment -Wconversion -Werror 1.1.1.4 ! root 740: -Wformat -Wid-clash-LEN -Wenum-clash -Wimplicit -Wimport ! 741: -Winline -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs -Wparentheses ! 742: -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls -Wreturn-type -Wshadow 1.1 root 743: -Wstrict-prototypes -Wswitch -Wtraditional -Wtrigraphs 744: -Wuninitialized -Wunused -Wwrite-strings -Wchar-subscripts 745: 746: *Debugging Options* 1.1.1.3 root 747: *Note Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC: Debugging Options. 1.1 root 748: -a -dLETTERS -fpretend-float 1.1.1.4 ! root 749: -g -gLEVEL -ggdb -gdwarf -gdwarf+ ! 750: -gstabs -gstabs+ -gcoff -gxcoff -gxcoff+ 1.1 root 751: -p -pg -save-temps 752: 753: *Optimization Options* 754: *Note Options that Control Optimization: Optimize Options. 1.1.1.3 root 755: -fcaller-saves -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks 756: -fdelayed-branch -fexpensive-optimizations -ffast-math 1.1.1.4 ! root 757: -ffloat-store -fforce-addr -fforce-mem ! 758: -finline-functions -fkeep-inline-functions -fno-defer-pop ! 759: -fno-function-cse -fno-inline -fno-peephole -fomit-frame-pointer 1.1 root 760: -frerun-cse-after-loop -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2 761: -fstrength-reduce -fthread-jumps 762: -funroll-all-loops -funroll-loops 1.1.1.4 ! root 763: -felide-constructors -fmemoize-lookups -fno-default-inline 1.1 root 764: -O -O2 765: 766: *Preprocessor Options* 767: *Note Options Controlling the Preprocessor: Preprocessor Options. 1.1.1.4 ! root 768: -AASSERTION -C -dD -dM -dN 1.1 root 769: -DMACRO[=DEFN] -E -H 770: -include FILE -imacros FILE 771: -M -MD -MM -MMD -nostdinc -P -trigraphs -UMACRO 772: 1.1.1.4 ! root 773: *Assembler Option* ! 774: *Note Passing Options to the Assembler: Assembler Options. ! 775: -Wa,OPTION ! 776: 1.1 root 777: *Linker Options* 778: *Note Options for Linking: Link Options. 779: OBJECT-FILE-NAME 1.1.1.4 ! root 780: -lLIBRARY -nostdlib ! 781: -static -shared -symbolic ! 782: -Xlinker OPTION ! 783: -u SYMBOL 1.1 root 784: 785: *Directory Options* 786: *Note Options for Directory Search: Directory Options. 787: -BPREFIX -IDIR -I- -LDIR 788: 789: *Target Options* 790: *Note Target Machine and Compiler Version: Target Options. 791: -b MACHINE -V VERSION 792: 793: *Machine Dependent Options* 794: *Note Hardware Models and Configurations: Submodel Options. 795: *M680x0 Options* 1.1.1.4 ! root 796: -m68000 -m68020 -m68020-40 -m68030 -m68040 -m68881 -mbitfield ! 797: -mc68000 -mc68020 -mfpa -mnobitfield -mrtd -mshort -msoft-float 1.1 root 798: 799: *VAX Options* 800: -mg -mgnu -munix 801: 802: *SPARC Options* 1.1.1.4 ! root 803: -mforce-align -mno-epilogue 1.1 root 804: 805: *Convex Options* 806: -margcount -mc1 -mc2 -mnoargcount 807: 808: *AMD29K Options* 809: -m29000 -m29050 -mbw -mdw -mkernel-registers -mlarge 810: -mnbw -mnodw -msmall -mstack-check -muser-registers 811: 812: *M88K Options* 813: -m88000 -m88100 -m88110 -mbig-pic -mcheck-zero-division 814: -mhandle-large-shift -midentify-revision 815: -mno-check-zero-division -mno-ocs-debug-info 816: -mno-ocs-frame-position -mno-optimize-arg-area -mno-underscores 817: -mocs-debug-info -mocs-frame-position -moptimize-arg-area 818: -mshort-data-NUM -msvr3 -msvr4 -mtrap-large-shift 819: -muse-div-instruction -mversion-03.00 -mwarn-passed-structs 820: 821: *RS/6000 Options* 822: -mfp-in-toc -mno-fop-in-toc 823: 824: *RT Options* 825: -mcall-lib-mul -mfp-arg-in-fpregs -mfp-arg-in-gregs 826: -mfull-fp-blocks -mhc-struct-return -min-line-mul 827: -mminimum-fp-blocks -mnohc-struct-return 828: 829: *MIPS Options* 830: -mcpu=CPU TYPE -mips2 -mips3 -mint64 -mlong64 -mlonglong128 831: -mmips-as -mgas -mrnames -mno-rnames -mgpopt -mno-gpopt -mstats 832: -mno-stats -mmemcpy -mno-memcpy -mno-mips-tfile -mmips-tfile 833: -msoft-float -mhard-float -mabicalls -mno-abicalls -mhalf-pic 1.1.1.2 root 834: -mno-half-pic -G NUM -nocpp 835: 836: *i386 Options* 1.1.1.4 ! root 837: -m486 -mno-486 -msoft-float -msvr3-shlib -mieee-fp ! 838: -mno-fp-ret-in-387 ! 839: ! 840: *HPPA Options* ! 841: -mno-bss ! 842: -mpa-risc-1-0 ! 843: -mpa-risc-1-1 ! 844: -mkernel ! 845: -mshared-libs ! 846: -mno-shared-libs ! 847: -mlong-calls ! 848: ! 849: *Intel 960 Options* ! 850: -mCPU TYPE ! 851: -mnumerics -msoft-float ! 852: -mcode-align -mno-code-align ! 853: -mleaf-procedures -mno-leaf-procedures ! 854: -mtail-call -mno-tail-call ! 855: -mcomplex-addr -mno-complex-addr ! 856: -mclean-linkage -mno-clean-linkage ! 857: -mic-compat -mic2.0-compat -mic3.0-compat ! 858: -masm-compat -mintel-asm ! 859: -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align ! 860: -mold-align -mno-old-align ! 861: ! 862: *DEC Alpha Options* ! 863: -mfp-regs -mno-fp-regs -mno-soft-float -msoft-float ! 864: ! 865: *System V Options* ! 866: -G -Qy -Qn -YP,PATHS -Ym,DIR 1.1 root 867: 868: *Code Generation Options* 869: *Note Options for Code Generation Conventions: Code Gen Options. 870: -fcall-saved-REG -fcall-used-REG -ffixed-REG 1.1.1.4 ! root 871: -finhibit-size-directive -fnonnull-objects -fno-common ! 872: -fno-ident -fno-gnu-linker -fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC ! 873: -fshared-data -fshort-enums -fshort-double -fvolatile ! 874: -fverbose-asm 1.1 root 875: 876: * Menu: 877: 878: * Overall Options:: Controlling the kind of output: 879: an executable, object files, assembler files, 880: or preprocessed source. 881: * Dialect Options:: Controlling the variant of C language compiled. 882: * Warning Options:: How picky should the compiler be? 883: * Debugging Options:: Symbol tables, measurements, and debugging dumps. 884: * Optimize Options:: How much optimization? 885: * Preprocessor Options:: Controlling header files and macro definitions. 886: Also, getting dependency information for Make. 1.1.1.4 ! root 887: * Assembler Options:: Passing options to the assembler. 1.1 root 888: * Link Options:: Specifying libraries and so on. 889: * Directory Options:: Where to find header files and libraries. 890: Where to find the compiler executable files. 891: * Target Options:: Running a cross-compiler, or an old version of GNU CC. 892: 893: 1.1.1.4 ! root 894: File: gcc.info, Node: Overall Options, Next: Dialect Options, Prev: Option Summary, Up: Invoking GCC 1.1 root 895: 896: Options Controlling the Kind of Output 897: ====================================== 898: 1.1.1.3 root 899: Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation 900: proper, assembly and linking, always in that order. The first three 901: stages apply to an individual source file, and end by producing an 902: object file; linking combines all the object files (those newly 903: compiled, and those specified as input) into an executable file. 1.1 root 904: 905: For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind 906: of compilation is done: 907: 908: `FILE.c' 909: C source code which must be preprocessed. 910: 911: `FILE.i' 912: C source code which should not be preprocessed. 913: 1.1.1.4 ! root 914: `FILE.ii' ! 915: C++ source code which should not be preprocessed. ! 916: 1.1 root 917: `FILE.m' 1.1.1.4 ! root 918: Objective-C source code. Note that you must link with the library ! 919: `libobjc.a' to make an Objective-C program work. 1.1 root 920: 921: `FILE.h' 922: C header file (not to be compiled or linked). 923: 924: `FILE.cc' 925: `FILE.cxx' 926: `FILE.C' 927: C++ source code which must be preprocessed. 928: 929: `FILE.s' 930: Assembler code. 931: 932: `FILE.S' 933: Assembler code which must be preprocessed. 934: 935: `OTHER' 1.1.1.3 root 936: An object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name with 937: no recognized suffix is treated this way. 1.1 root 938: 939: You can specify the input language explicitly with the `-x' option: 940: 941: `-x LANGUAGE' 942: Specify explicitly the LANGUAGE for the following input files 1.1.1.3 root 943: (rather than choosing a default based on the file name suffix). 1.1 root 944: This option applies to all following input files until the next 945: `-x' option. Possible values of LANGUAGE are `c', `objective-c', 946: `c-header', `c++', `cpp-output', `assembler', and 947: `assembler-with-cpp'. 948: 949: `-x none' 1.1.1.3 root 950: Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files 951: are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if 952: `-x' has not been used at all). 953: 954: If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use `-x' 955: (or filename suffixes) to tell `gcc' where to start, and one of the 956: options `-c', `-S', or `-E' to say where `gcc' is to stop. Note that 957: some combinations (for example, `-x cpp-output -E' instruct `gcc' to do 958: nothing at all. 1.1 root 959: 960: `-c' 1.1.1.3 root 961: Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. The linking 962: stage simply is not done. The ultimate output is in the form of an 963: object file for each source file. 1.1 root 964: 965: By default, the object file name for a source file is made by 966: replacing the suffix `.c', `.i', `.s', etc., with `.o'. 967: 968: Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly, 969: are ignored. 970: 971: `-S' 972: Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The 973: output is in the form of an assembler code file for each 974: non-assembler input file specified. 975: 976: By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by 977: replacing the suffix `.c', `.i', etc., with `.s'. 978: 979: Input files that don't require compilation are ignored. 980: 981: `-E' 982: Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler 983: proper. The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, 984: which is sent to the standard output. 985: 986: Input files which don't require preprocessing are ignored. 987: 988: `-o FILE' 989: Place output in file FILE. This applies regardless to whatever 1.1.1.3 root 990: sort of output is being produced, whether it be an executable file, 991: an object file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code. 1.1 root 992: 993: Since only one output file can be specified, it does not make 994: sense to use `-o' when compiling more than one input file, unless 995: you are producing an executable file as output. 996: 997: If `-o' is not specified, the default is to put an executable file 1.1.1.3 root 998: in `a.out', the object file for `SOURCE.SUFFIX' in `SOURCE.o', its 999: assembler file in `SOURCE.s', and all preprocessed C source on 1000: standard output. 1.1 root 1001: 1002: `-v' 1003: Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the 1004: stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the 1005: compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler 1006: proper. 1007: 1008: `-pipe' 1.1.1.3 root 1009: Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the 1010: various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems 1011: where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU 1012: assembler has no trouble. 1.1 root 1013: 1014:
This archive runs on limited infrastructure. Preserving old code on modern bandwidth. Automated agents are requested to crawl responsibly.