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gcc-2.7.2.3
This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.67 from the
input file gcc.texi.
This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler.
Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License," "Funding for
Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are
included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public
License," "Funding for Free Software," and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight
`Look And Feel'", and this permission notice, may be included in
translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the
original English.
File: gcc.info, Node: Register Arguments, Next: Scalar Return, Prev: Stack Arguments, Up: Stack and Calling
Passing Arguments in Registers
------------------------------
This section describes the macros which let you control how various
types of arguments are passed in registers or how they are arranged in
the stack.
`FUNCTION_ARG (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)'
A C expression that controls whether a function argument is passed
in a register, and which register.
The arguments are CUM, which summarizes all the previous
arguments; MODE, the machine mode of the argument; TYPE, the data
type of the argument as a tree node or 0 if that is not known
(which happens for C support library functions); and NAMED, which
is 1 for an ordinary argument and 0 for nameless arguments that
correspond to `...' in the called function's prototype.
The value of the expression should either be a `reg' RTX for the
hard register in which to pass the argument, or zero to pass the
argument on the stack.
For machines like the Vax and 68000, where normally all arguments
are pushed, zero suffices as a definition.
The usual way to make the ANSI library `stdarg.h' work on a machine
where some arguments are usually passed in registers, is to cause
nameless arguments to be passed on the stack instead. This is done
by making `FUNCTION_ARG' return 0 whenever NAMED is 0.
You may use the macro `MUST_PASS_IN_STACK (MODE, TYPE)' in the
definition of this macro to determine if this argument is of a
type that must be passed in the stack. If `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE'
is not defined and `FUNCTION_ARG' returns non-zero for such an
argument, the compiler will abort. If `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' is
defined, the argument will be computed in the stack and then
loaded into a register.
`FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)'
Define this macro if the target machine has "register windows", so
that the register in which a function sees an arguments is not
necessarily the same as the one in which the caller passed the
argument.
For such machines, `FUNCTION_ARG' computes the register in which
the caller passes the value, and `FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG' should be
defined in a similar fashion to tell the function being called
where the arguments will arrive.
If `FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG' is not defined, `FUNCTION_ARG' serves
both purposes.
`FUNCTION_ARG_PARTIAL_NREGS (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)'
A C expression for the number of words, at the beginning of an
argument, must be put in registers. The value must be zero for
arguments that are passed entirely in registers or that are
entirely pushed on the stack.
On some machines, certain arguments must be passed partially in
registers and partially in memory. On these machines, typically
the first N words of arguments are passed in registers, and the
rest on the stack. If a multi-word argument (a `double' or a
structure) crosses that boundary, its first few words must be
passed in registers and the rest must be pushed. This macro tells
the compiler when this occurs, and how many of the words should go
in registers.
`FUNCTION_ARG' for these arguments should return the first
register to be used by the caller for this argument; likewise
`FUNCTION_INCOMING_ARG', for the called function.
`FUNCTION_ARG_PASS_BY_REFERENCE (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)'
A C expression that indicates when an argument must be passed by
reference. If nonzero for an argument, a copy of that argument is
made in memory and a pointer to the argument is passed instead of
the argument itself. The pointer is passed in whatever way is
appropriate for passing a pointer to that type.
On machines where `REG_PARM_STACK_SPACE' is not defined, a suitable
definition of this macro might be
#define FUNCTION_ARG_PASS_BY_REFERENCE\
(CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED) \
MUST_PASS_IN_STACK (MODE, TYPE)
`FUNCTION_ARG_CALLEE_COPIES (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)'
If defined, a C expression that indicates when it is the called
function's responsibility to make a copy of arguments passed by
invisible reference. Normally, the caller makes a copy and passes
the address of the copy to the routine being called. When
FUNCTION_ARG_CALLEE_COPIES is defined and is nonzero, the caller
does not make a copy. Instead, it passes a pointer to the "live"
value. The called function must not modify this value. If it can
be determined that the value won't be modified, it need not make a
copy; otherwise a copy must be made.
`CUMULATIVE_ARGS'
A C type for declaring a variable that is used as the first
argument of `FUNCTION_ARG' and other related values. For some
target machines, the type `int' suffices and can hold the number
of bytes of argument so far.
There is no need to record in `CUMULATIVE_ARGS' anything about the
arguments that have been passed on the stack. The compiler has
other variables to keep track of that. For target machines on
which all arguments are passed on the stack, there is no need to
store anything in `CUMULATIVE_ARGS'; however, the data structure
must exist and should not be empty, so use `int'.
`INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS (CUM, FNTYPE, LIBNAME)'
A C statement (sans semicolon) for initializing the variable CUM
for the state at the beginning of the argument list. The variable
has type `CUMULATIVE_ARGS'. The value of FNTYPE is the tree node
for the data type of the function which will receive the args, or 0
if the args are to a compiler support library function.
When processing a call to a compiler support library function,
LIBNAME identifies which one. It is a `symbol_ref' rtx which
contains the name of the function, as a string. LIBNAME is 0 when
an ordinary C function call is being processed. Thus, each time
this macro is called, either LIBNAME or FNTYPE is nonzero, but
never both of them at once.
`INIT_CUMULATIVE_INCOMING_ARGS (CUM, FNTYPE, LIBNAME)'
Like `INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS' but overrides it for the purposes of
finding the arguments for the function being compiled. If this
macro is undefined, `INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS' is used instead.
The value passed for LIBNAME is always 0, since library routines
with special calling conventions are never compiled with GNU CC.
The argument LIBNAME exists for symmetry with
`INIT_CUMULATIVE_ARGS'.
`FUNCTION_ARG_ADVANCE (CUM, MODE, TYPE, NAMED)'
A C statement (sans semicolon) to update the summarizer variable
CUM to advance past an argument in the argument list. The values
MODE, TYPE and NAMED describe that argument. Once this is done,
the variable CUM is suitable for analyzing the *following*
argument with `FUNCTION_ARG', etc.
This macro need not do anything if the argument in question was
passed on the stack. The compiler knows how to track the amount
of stack space used for arguments without any special help.
`FUNCTION_ARG_PADDING (MODE, TYPE)'
If defined, a C expression which determines whether, and in which
direction, to pad out an argument with extra space. The value
should be of type `enum direction': either `upward' to pad above
the argument, `downward' to pad below, or `none' to inhibit
padding.
The *amount* of padding is always just enough to reach the next
multiple of `FUNCTION_ARG_BOUNDARY'; this macro does not control
it.
This macro has a default definition which is right for most
systems. For little-endian machines, the default is to pad
upward. For big-endian machines, the default is to pad downward
for an argument of constant size shorter than an `int', and upward
otherwise.
`FUNCTION_ARG_BOUNDARY (MODE, TYPE)'
If defined, a C expression that gives the alignment boundary, in
bits, of an argument with the specified mode and type. If it is
not defined, `PARM_BOUNDARY' is used for all arguments.
`FUNCTION_ARG_REGNO_P (REGNO)'
A C expression that is nonzero if REGNO is the number of a hard
register in which function arguments are sometimes passed. This
does *not* include implicit arguments such as the static chain and
the structure-value address. On many machines, no registers can be
used for this purpose since all function arguments are pushed on
the stack.
File: gcc.info, Node: Scalar Return, Next: Aggregate Return, Prev: Register Arguments, Up: Stack and Calling
How Scalar Function Values Are Returned
---------------------------------------
This section discusses the macros that control returning scalars as
values--values that can fit in registers.
`TRADITIONAL_RETURN_FLOAT'
Define this macro if `-traditional' should not cause functions
declared to return `float' to convert the value to `double'.
`FUNCTION_VALUE (VALTYPE, FUNC)'
A C expression to create an RTX representing the place where a
function returns a value of data type VALTYPE. VALTYPE is a tree
node representing a data type. Write `TYPE_MODE (VALTYPE)' to get
the machine mode used to represent that type. On many machines,
only the mode is relevant. (Actually, on most machines, scalar
values are returned in the same place regardless of mode).
If `PROMOTE_FUNCTION_RETURN' is defined, you must apply the same
promotion rules specified in `PROMOTE_MODE' if VALTYPE is a scalar
type.
If the precise function being called is known, FUNC is a tree node
(`FUNCTION_DECL') for it; otherwise, FUNC is a null pointer. This
makes it possible to use a different value-returning convention
for specific functions when all their calls are known.
`FUNCTION_VALUE' is not used for return vales with aggregate data
types, because these are returned in another way. See
`STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM' and related macros, below.
`FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE (VALTYPE, FUNC)'
Define this macro if the target machine has "register windows" so
that the register in which a function returns its value is not the
same as the one in which the caller sees the value.
For such machines, `FUNCTION_VALUE' computes the register in which
the caller will see the value. `FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE' should be
defined in a similar fashion to tell the function where to put the
value.
If `FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE' is not defined, `FUNCTION_VALUE'
serves both purposes.
`FUNCTION_OUTGOING_VALUE' is not used for return vales with
aggregate data types, because these are returned in another way.
See `STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM' and related macros, below.
`LIBCALL_VALUE (MODE)'
A C expression to create an RTX representing the place where a
library function returns a value of mode MODE. If the precise
function being called is known, FUNC is a tree node
(`FUNCTION_DECL') for it; otherwise, FUNC is a null pointer. This
makes it possible to use a different value-returning convention
for specific functions when all their calls are known.
Note that "library function" in this context means a compiler
support routine, used to perform arithmetic, whose name is known
specially by the compiler and was not mentioned in the C code being
compiled.
The definition of `LIBRARY_VALUE' need not be concerned aggregate
data types, because none of the library functions returns such
types.
`FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P (REGNO)'
A C expression that is nonzero if REGNO is the number of a hard
register in which the values of called function may come back.
A register whose use for returning values is limited to serving as
the second of a pair (for a value of type `double', say) need not
be recognized by this macro. So for most machines, this definition
suffices:
#define FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P(N) ((N) == 0)
If the machine has register windows, so that the caller and the
called function use different registers for the return value, this
macro should recognize only the caller's register numbers.
`APPLY_RESULT_SIZE'
Define this macro if `untyped_call' and `untyped_return' need more
space than is implied by `FUNCTION_VALUE_REGNO_P' for saving and
restoring an arbitrary return value.
File: gcc.info, Node: Aggregate Return, Next: Caller Saves, Prev: Scalar Return, Up: Stack and Calling
How Large Values Are Returned
-----------------------------
When a function value's mode is `BLKmode' (and in some other cases),
the value is not returned according to `FUNCTION_VALUE' (*note Scalar
Return::.). Instead, the caller passes the address of a block of
memory in which the value should be stored. This address is called the
"structure value address".
This section describes how to control returning structure values in
memory.
`RETURN_IN_MEMORY (TYPE)'
A C expression which can inhibit the returning of certain function
values in registers, based on the type of value. A nonzero value
says to return the function value in memory, just as large
structures are always returned. Here TYPE will be a C expression
of type `tree', representing the data type of the value.
Note that values of mode `BLKmode' must be explicitly handled by
this macro. Also, the option `-fpcc-struct-return' takes effect
regardless of this macro. On most systems, it is possible to
leave the macro undefined; this causes a default definition to be
used, whose value is the constant 1 for `BLKmode' values, and 0
otherwise.
Do not use this macro to indicate that structures and unions
should always be returned in memory. You should instead use
`DEFAULT_PCC_STRUCT_RETURN' to indicate this.
`DEFAULT_PCC_STRUCT_RETURN'
Define this macro to be 1 if all structure and union return values
must be in memory. Since this results in slower code, this should
be defined only if needed for compatibility with other compilers
or with an ABI. If you define this macro to be 0, then the
conventions used for structure and union return values are decided
by the `RETURN_IN_MEMORY' macro.
If not defined, this defaults to the value 1.
`STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM'
If the structure value address is passed in a register, then
`STRUCT_VALUE_REGNUM' should be the number of that register.
`STRUCT_VALUE'
If the structure value address is not passed in a register, define
`STRUCT_VALUE' as an expression returning an RTX for the place
where the address is passed. If it returns 0, the address is
passed as an "invisible" first argument.
`STRUCT_VALUE_INCOMING_REGNUM'
On some architectures the place where the structure value address
is found by the called function is not the same place that the
caller put it. This can be due to register windows, or it could
be because the function prologue moves it to a different place.
If the incoming location of the structure value address is in a
register, define this macro as the register number.
`STRUCT_VALUE_INCOMING'
If the incoming location is not a register, then you should define
`STRUCT_VALUE_INCOMING' as an expression for an RTX for where the
called function should find the value. If it should find the
value on the stack, define this to create a `mem' which refers to
the frame pointer. A definition of 0 means that the address is
passed as an "invisible" first argument.
`PCC_STATIC_STRUCT_RETURN'
Define this macro if the usual system convention on the target
machine for returning structures and unions is for the called
function to return the address of a static variable containing the
value.
Do not define this if the usual system convention is for the
caller to pass an address to the subroutine.
This macro has effect in `-fpcc-struct-return' mode, but it does
nothing when you use `-freg-struct-return' mode.
File: gcc.info, Node: Caller Saves, Next: Function Entry, Prev: Aggregate Return, Up: Stack and Calling
Caller-Saves Register Allocation
--------------------------------
If you enable it, GNU CC can save registers around function calls.
This makes it possible to use call-clobbered registers to hold
variables that must live across calls.
`DEFAULT_CALLER_SAVES'
Define this macro if function calls on the target machine do not
preserve any registers; in other words, if `CALL_USED_REGISTERS'
has 1 for all registers. This macro enables `-fcaller-saves' by
default. Eventually that option will be enabled by default on all
machines and both the option and this macro will be eliminated.
`CALLER_SAVE_PROFITABLE (REFS, CALLS)'
A C expression to determine whether it is worthwhile to consider
placing a pseudo-register in a call-clobbered hard register and
saving and restoring it around each function call. The expression
should be 1 when this is worth doing, and 0 otherwise.
If you don't define this macro, a default is used which is good on
most machines: `4 * CALLS < REFS'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Function Entry, Next: Profiling, Prev: Caller Saves, Up: Stack and Calling
Function Entry and Exit
-----------------------
This section describes the macros that output function entry
("prologue") and exit ("epilogue") code.
`FUNCTION_PROLOGUE (FILE, SIZE)'
A C compound statement that outputs the assembler code for entry
to a function. The prologue is responsible for setting up the
stack frame, initializing the frame pointer register, saving
registers that must be saved, and allocating SIZE additional bytes
of storage for the local variables. SIZE is an integer. FILE is
a stdio stream to which the assembler code should be output.
The label for the beginning of the function need not be output by
this macro. That has already been done when the macro is run.
To determine which registers to save, the macro can refer to the
array `regs_ever_live': element R is nonzero if hard register R is
used anywhere within the function. This implies the function
prologue should save register R, provided it is not one of the
call-used registers. (`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' must likewise use
`regs_ever_live'.)
On machines that have "register windows", the function entry code
does not save on the stack the registers that are in the windows,
even if they are supposed to be preserved by function calls;
instead it takes appropriate steps to "push" the register stack,
if any non-call-used registers are used in the function.
On machines where functions may or may not have frame-pointers, the
function entry code must vary accordingly; it must set up the frame
pointer if one is wanted, and not otherwise. To determine whether
a frame pointer is in wanted, the macro can refer to the variable
`frame_pointer_needed'. The variable's value will be 1 at run
time in a function that needs a frame pointer. *Note
Elimination::.
The function entry code is responsible for allocating any stack
space required for the function. This stack space consists of the
regions listed below. In most cases, these regions are allocated
in the order listed, with the last listed region closest to the
top of the stack (the lowest address if `STACK_GROWS_DOWNWARD' is
defined, and the highest address if it is not defined). You can
use a different order for a machine if doing so is more convenient
or required for compatibility reasons. Except in cases where
required by standard or by a debugger, there is no reason why the
stack layout used by GCC need agree with that used by other
compilers for a machine.
* A region of `current_function_pretend_args_size' bytes of
uninitialized space just underneath the first argument
arriving on the stack. (This may not be at the very start of
the allocated stack region if the calling sequence has pushed
anything else since pushing the stack arguments. But
usually, on such machines, nothing else has been pushed yet,
because the function prologue itself does all the pushing.)
This region is used on machines where an argument may be
passed partly in registers and partly in memory, and, in some
cases to support the features in `varargs.h' and `stdargs.h'.
* An area of memory used to save certain registers used by the
function. The size of this area, which may also include
space for such things as the return address and pointers to
previous stack frames, is machine-specific and usually
depends on which registers have been used in the function.
Machines with register windows often do not require a save
area.
* A region of at least SIZE bytes, possibly rounded up to an
allocation boundary, to contain the local variables of the
function. On some machines, this region and the save area
may occur in the opposite order, with the save area closer to
the top of the stack.
* Optionally, when `ACCUMULATE_OUTGOING_ARGS' is defined, a
region of `current_function_outgoing_args_size' bytes to be
used for outgoing argument lists of the function. *Note
Stack Arguments::.
Normally, it is necessary for the macros `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE' and
`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' to treat leaf functions specially. The C
variable `leaf_function' is nonzero for such a function.
`EXIT_IGNORE_STACK'
Define this macro as a C expression that is nonzero if the return
instruction or the function epilogue ignores the value of the stack
pointer; in other words, if it is safe to delete an instruction to
adjust the stack pointer before a return from the function.
Note that this macro's value is relevant only for functions for
which frame pointers are maintained. It is never safe to delete a
final stack adjustment in a function that has no frame pointer,
and the compiler knows this regardless of `EXIT_IGNORE_STACK'.
`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE (FILE, SIZE)'
A C compound statement that outputs the assembler code for exit
from a function. The epilogue is responsible for restoring the
saved registers and stack pointer to their values when the
function was called, and returning control to the caller. This
macro takes the same arguments as the macro `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE',
and the registers to restore are determined from `regs_ever_live'
and `CALL_USED_REGISTERS' in the same way.
On some machines, there is a single instruction that does all the
work of returning from the function. On these machines, give that
instruction the name `return' and do not define the macro
`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' at all.
Do not define a pattern named `return' if you want the
`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' to be used. If you want the target switches
to control whether return instructions or epilogues are used,
define a `return' pattern with a validity condition that tests the
target switches appropriately. If the `return' pattern's validity
condition is false, epilogues will be used.
On machines where functions may or may not have frame-pointers, the
function exit code must vary accordingly. Sometimes the code for
these two cases is completely different. To determine whether a
frame pointer is wanted, the macro can refer to the variable
`frame_pointer_needed'. The variable's value will be 1 when
compiling a function that needs a frame pointer.
Normally, `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE' and `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' must treat
leaf functions specially. The C variable `leaf_function' is
nonzero for such a function. *Note Leaf Functions::.
On some machines, some functions pop their arguments on exit while
others leave that for the caller to do. For example, the 68020
when given `-mrtd' pops arguments in functions that take a fixed
number of arguments.
Your definition of the macro `RETURN_POPS_ARGS' decides which
functions pop their own arguments. `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' needs to
know what was decided. The variable that is called
`current_function_pops_args' is the number of bytes of its
arguments that a function should pop. *Note Scalar Return::.
`DELAY_SLOTS_FOR_EPILOGUE'
Define this macro if the function epilogue contains delay slots to
which instructions from the rest of the function can be "moved".
The definition should be a C expression whose value is an integer
representing the number of delay slots there.
`ELIGIBLE_FOR_EPILOGUE_DELAY (INSN, N)'
A C expression that returns 1 if INSN can be placed in delay slot
number N of the epilogue.
The argument N is an integer which identifies the delay slot now
being considered (since different slots may have different rules of
eligibility). It is never negative and is always less than the
number of epilogue delay slots (what `DELAY_SLOTS_FOR_EPILOGUE'
returns). If you reject a particular insn for a given delay slot,
in principle, it may be reconsidered for a subsequent delay slot.
Also, other insns may (at least in principle) be considered for
the so far unfilled delay slot.
The insns accepted to fill the epilogue delay slots are put in an
RTL list made with `insn_list' objects, stored in the variable
`current_function_epilogue_delay_list'. The insn for the first
delay slot comes first in the list. Your definition of the macro
`FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' should fill the delay slots by outputting the
insns in this list, usually by calling `final_scan_insn'.
You need not define this macro if you did not define
`DELAY_SLOTS_FOR_EPILOGUE'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Profiling, Prev: Function Entry, Up: Stack and Calling
Generating Code for Profiling
-----------------------------
These macros will help you generate code for profiling.
`FUNCTION_PROFILER (FILE, LABELNO)'
A C statement or compound statement to output to FILE some
assembler code to call the profiling subroutine `mcount'. Before
calling, the assembler code must load the address of a counter
variable into a register where `mcount' expects to find the
address. The name of this variable is `LP' followed by the number
LABELNO, so you would generate the name using `LP%d' in a
`fprintf'.
The details of how the address should be passed to `mcount' are
determined by your operating system environment, not by GNU CC. To
figure them out, compile a small program for profiling using the
system's installed C compiler and look at the assembler code that
results.
`PROFILE_BEFORE_PROLOGUE'
Define this macro if the code for function profiling should come
before the function prologue. Normally, the profiling code comes
after.
`FUNCTION_BLOCK_PROFILER (FILE, LABELNO)'
A C statement or compound statement to output to FILE some
assembler code to initialize basic-block profiling for the current
object module. This code should call the subroutine
`__bb_init_func' once per object module, passing it as its sole
argument the address of a block allocated in the object module.
The name of the block is a local symbol made with this statement:
ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL (BUFFER, "LPBX", 0);
Of course, since you are writing the definition of
`ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL' as well as that of this macro, you
can take a short cut in the definition of this macro and use the
name that you know will result.
The first word of this block is a flag which will be nonzero if the
object module has already been initialized. So test this word
first, and do not call `__bb_init_func' if the flag is nonzero.
`BLOCK_PROFILER (FILE, BLOCKNO)'
A C statement or compound statement to increment the count
associated with the basic block number BLOCKNO. Basic blocks are
numbered separately from zero within each compilation. The count
associated with block number BLOCKNO is at index BLOCKNO in a
vector of words; the name of this array is a local symbol made
with this statement:
ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL (BUFFER, "LPBX", 2);
Of course, since you are writing the definition of
`ASM_GENERATE_INTERNAL_LABEL' as well as that of this macro, you
can take a short cut in the definition of this macro and use the
name that you know will result.
`BLOCK_PROFILER_CODE'
A C function or functions which are needed in the library to
support block profiling.
File: gcc.info, Node: Varargs, Next: Trampolines, Prev: Stack and Calling, Up: Target Macros
Implementing the Varargs Macros
===============================
GNU CC comes with an implementation of `varargs.h' and `stdarg.h'
that work without change on machines that pass arguments on the stack.
Other machines require their own implementations of varargs, and the
two machine independent header files must have conditionals to include
it.
ANSI `stdarg.h' differs from traditional `varargs.h' mainly in the
calling convention for `va_start'. The traditional implementation
takes just one argument, which is the variable in which to store the
argument pointer. The ANSI implementation of `va_start' takes an
additional second argument. The user is supposed to write the last
named argument of the function here.
However, `va_start' should not use this argument. The way to find
the end of the named arguments is with the built-in functions described
below.
`__builtin_saveregs ()'
Use this built-in function to save the argument registers in
memory so that the varargs mechanism can access them. Both ANSI
and traditional versions of `va_start' must use
`__builtin_saveregs', unless you use `SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS' (see
below) instead.
On some machines, `__builtin_saveregs' is open-coded under the
control of the macro `EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS'. On other machines,
it calls a routine written in assembler language, found in
`libgcc2.c'.
Code generated for the call to `__builtin_saveregs' appears at the
beginning of the function, as opposed to where the call to
`__builtin_saveregs' is written, regardless of what the code is.
This is because the registers must be saved before the function
starts to use them for its own purposes.
`__builtin_args_info (CATEGORY)'
Use this built-in function to find the first anonymous arguments in
registers.
In general, a machine may have several categories of registers
used for arguments, each for a particular category of data types.
(For example, on some machines, floating-point registers are used
for floating-point arguments while other arguments are passed in
the general registers.) To make non-varargs functions use the
proper calling convention, you have defined the `CUMULATIVE_ARGS'
data type to record how many registers in each category have been
used so far
`__builtin_args_info' accesses the same data structure of type
`CUMULATIVE_ARGS' after the ordinary argument layout is finished
with it, with CATEGORY specifying which word to access. Thus, the
value indicates the first unused register in a given category.
Normally, you would use `__builtin_args_info' in the implementation
of `va_start', accessing each category just once and storing the
value in the `va_list' object. This is because `va_list' will
have to update the values, and there is no way to alter the values
accessed by `__builtin_args_info'.
`__builtin_next_arg (LASTARG)'
This is the equivalent of `__builtin_args_info', for stack
arguments. It returns the address of the first anonymous stack
argument, as type `void *'. If `ARGS_GROW_DOWNWARD', it returns
the address of the location above the first anonymous stack
argument. Use it in `va_start' to initialize the pointer for
fetching arguments from the stack. Also use it in `va_start' to
verify that the second parameter LASTARG is the last named argument
of the current function.
`__builtin_classify_type (OBJECT)'
Since each machine has its own conventions for which data types are
passed in which kind of register, your implementation of `va_arg'
has to embody these conventions. The easiest way to categorize the
specified data type is to use `__builtin_classify_type' together
with `sizeof' and `__alignof__'.
`__builtin_classify_type' ignores the value of OBJECT, considering
only its data type. It returns an integer describing what kind of
type that is--integer, floating, pointer, structure, and so on.
The file `typeclass.h' defines an enumeration that you can use to
interpret the values of `__builtin_classify_type'.
These machine description macros help implement varargs:
`EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS (ARGS)'
If defined, is a C expression that produces the machine-specific
code for a call to `__builtin_saveregs'. This code will be moved
to the very beginning of the function, before any parameter access
are made. The return value of this function should be an RTX that
contains the value to use as the return of `__builtin_saveregs'.
The argument ARGS is a `tree_list' containing the arguments that
were passed to `__builtin_saveregs'.
If this macro is not defined, the compiler will output an ordinary
call to the library function `__builtin_saveregs'.
`SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS (ARGS_SO_FAR, MODE, TYPE,'
PRETEND_ARGS_SIZE, SECOND_TIME) This macro offers an alternative
to using `__builtin_saveregs' and defining the macro
`EXPAND_BUILTIN_SAVEREGS'. Use it to store the anonymous register
arguments into the stack so that all the arguments appear to have
been passed consecutively on the stack. Once this is done, you
can use the standard implementation of varargs that works for
machines that pass all their arguments on the stack.
The argument ARGS_SO_FAR is the `CUMULATIVE_ARGS' data structure,
containing the values that obtain after processing of the named
arguments. The arguments MODE and TYPE describe the last named
argument--its machine mode and its data type as a tree node.
The macro implementation should do two things: first, push onto the
stack all the argument registers *not* used for the named
arguments, and second, store the size of the data thus pushed into
the `int'-valued variable whose name is supplied as the argument
PRETEND_ARGS_SIZE. The value that you store here will serve as
additional offset for setting up the stack frame.
Because you must generate code to push the anonymous arguments at
compile time without knowing their data types,
`SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS' is only useful on machines that have just
a single category of argument register and use it uniformly for
all data types.
If the argument SECOND_TIME is nonzero, it means that the
arguments of the function are being analyzed for the second time.
This happens for an inline function, which is not actually
compiled until the end of the source file. The macro
`SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS' should not generate any instructions in
this case.
`STRICT_ARGUMENT_NAMING'
Define this macro if the location where a function argument is
passed depends on whether or not it is a named argument.
This macro controls how the NAMED argument to `FUNCTION_ARG' is
set for varargs and stdarg functions. With this macro defined,
the NAMED argument is always true for named arguments, and false
for unnamed arguments. If this is not defined, but
`SETUP_INCOMING_VARARGS' is defined, then all arguments are
treated as named. Otherwise, all named arguments except the last
are treated as named.
File: gcc.info, Node: Trampolines, Next: Library Calls, Prev: Varargs, Up: Target Macros
Trampolines for Nested Functions
================================
A "trampoline" is a small piece of code that is created at run time
when the address of a nested function is taken. It normally resides on
the stack, in the stack frame of the containing function. These macros
tell GNU CC how to generate code to allocate and initialize a
trampoline.
The instructions in the trampoline must do two things: load a
constant address into the static chain register, and jump to the real
address of the nested function. On CISC machines such as the m68k,
this requires two instructions, a move immediate and a jump. Then the
two addresses exist in the trampoline as word-long immediate operands.
On RISC machines, it is often necessary to load each address into a
register in two parts. Then pieces of each address form separate
immediate operands.
The code generated to initialize the trampoline must store the
variable parts--the static chain value and the function address--into
the immediate operands of the instructions. On a CISC machine, this is
simply a matter of copying each address to a memory reference at the
proper offset from the start of the trampoline. On a RISC machine, it
may be necessary to take out pieces of the address and store them
separately.
`TRAMPOLINE_TEMPLATE (FILE)'
A C statement to output, on the stream FILE, assembler code for a
block of data that contains the constant parts of a trampoline.
This code should not include a label--the label is taken care of
automatically.
`TRAMPOLINE_SECTION'
The name of a subroutine to switch to the section in which the
trampoline template is to be placed (*note Sections::.). The
default is a value of `readonly_data_section', which places the
trampoline in the section containing read-only data.
`TRAMPOLINE_SIZE'
A C expression for the size in bytes of the trampoline, as an
integer.
`TRAMPOLINE_ALIGNMENT'
Alignment required for trampolines, in bits.
If you don't define this macro, the value of `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT'
is used for aligning trampolines.
`INITIALIZE_TRAMPOLINE (ADDR, FNADDR, STATIC_CHAIN)'
A C statement to initialize the variable parts of a trampoline.
ADDR is an RTX for the address of the trampoline; FNADDR is an RTX
for the address of the nested function; STATIC_CHAIN is an RTX for
the static chain value that should be passed to the function when
it is called.
`ALLOCATE_TRAMPOLINE (FP)'
A C expression to allocate run-time space for a trampoline. The
expression value should be an RTX representing a memory reference
to the space for the trampoline.
If this macro is not defined, by default the trampoline is
allocated as a stack slot. This default is right for most
machines. The exceptions are machines where it is impossible to
execute instructions in the stack area. On such machines, you may
have to implement a separate stack, using this macro in
conjunction with `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE' and `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE'.
FP points to a data structure, a `struct function', which
describes the compilation status of the immediate containing
function of the function which the trampoline is for. Normally
(when `ALLOCATE_TRAMPOLINE' is not defined), the stack slot for the
trampoline is in the stack frame of this containing function.
Other allocation strategies probably must do something analogous
with this information.
Implementing trampolines is difficult on many machines because they
have separate instruction and data caches. Writing into a stack
location fails to clear the memory in the instruction cache, so when
the program jumps to that location, it executes the old contents.
Here are two possible solutions. One is to clear the relevant parts
of the instruction cache whenever a trampoline is set up. The other is
to make all trampolines identical, by having them jump to a standard
subroutine. The former technique makes trampoline execution faster; the
latter makes initialization faster.
To clear the instruction cache when a trampoline is initialized,
define the following macros which describe the shape of the cache.
`INSN_CACHE_SIZE'
The total size in bytes of the cache.
`INSN_CACHE_LINE_WIDTH'
The length in bytes of each cache line. The cache is divided into
cache lines which are disjoint slots, each holding a contiguous
chunk of data fetched from memory. Each time data is brought into
the cache, an entire line is read at once. The data loaded into a
cache line is always aligned on a boundary equal to the line size.
`INSN_CACHE_DEPTH'
The number of alternative cache lines that can hold any particular
memory location.
Alternatively, if the machine has system calls or instructions to
clear the instruction cache directly, you can define the following
macro.
`CLEAR_INSN_CACHE (BEG, END)'
If defined, expands to a C expression clearing the *instruction
cache* in the specified interval. If it is not defined, and the
macro INSN_CACHE_SIZE is defined, some generic code is generated
to clear the cache. The definition of this macro would typically
be a series of `asm' statements. Both BEG and END are both pointer
expressions.
To use a standard subroutine, define the following macro. In
addition, you must make sure that the instructions in a trampoline fill
an entire cache line with identical instructions, or else ensure that
the beginning of the trampoline code is always aligned at the same
point in its cache line. Look in `m68k.h' as a guide.
`TRANSFER_FROM_TRAMPOLINE'
Define this macro if trampolines need a special subroutine to do
their work. The macro should expand to a series of `asm'
statements which will be compiled with GNU CC. They go in a
library function named `__transfer_from_trampoline'.
If you need to avoid executing the ordinary prologue code of a
compiled C function when you jump to the subroutine, you can do so
by placing a special label of your own in the assembler code. Use
one `asm' statement to generate an assembler label, and another to
make the label global. Then trampolines can use that label to
jump directly to your special assembler code.
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