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1.1 ! root 1: .tr | ! 2: .th "BOOT PROCEDURES" VIII 11/1/73 ! 3: .sh NAME ! 4: boot procedures \*- UNIX startup ! 5: .sh DESCRIPTION ! 6: The advent of the new system has ! 7: changed the boot procedures. ! 8: .it "These procedures apply only to C-language systems." ! 9: .s3 ! 10: .it "How to start UNIX.||" ! 11: UNIX is started by placing it in core ! 12: starting at location zero and transferring to zero. ! 13: There are various ways to do this. ! 14: If ! 15: UNIX is still intact after it has been running, ! 16: the most obvious method is ! 17: simply to transfer to zero. ! 18: .s3 ! 19: The ! 20: .it tp ! 21: command places a bootstrap program ! 22: on the ! 23: otherwise unused block zero of the tape. ! 24: The DECtape version of this program is ! 25: called ! 26: .it tboot, ! 27: the magtape version ! 28: .it mboot. ! 29: If ! 30: .it tboot ! 31: or ! 32: .it mboot ! 33: is read into location zero and ! 34: executed there, ! 35: it will type `=' on the console, ! 36: read in a ! 37: .it tp ! 38: entry name, ! 39: load that entry into core, ! 40: and transfer to zero. ! 41: Thus the next easiest way to run UNIX ! 42: is to maintain the UNIX code on a tape using ! 43: .it tp. ! 44: Then when a boot is required, ! 45: execute (somehow) a program ! 46: which reads in and jumps to ! 47: the first block of the tape. ! 48: In response to the `=' ! 49: prompt, ! 50: type the entry name of the system on the tape ! 51: (we use plain `unix'). ! 52: It is strongly recommended that a current version of ! 53: the system be maintained in this way, ! 54: even if the first or third methods of booting the ! 55: system are usually used. ! 56: .s3 ! 57: The standard ! 58: DEC ROM which loads DECtape is sufficient to ! 59: read in ! 60: .it tboot, ! 61: but the ! 62: magtape ROM loads block one, not zero. ! 63: If no suitable ROM is available, ! 64: magtape and DECtape programs are presented below which may be ! 65: manually placed in core and executed. ! 66: .s3 ! 67: A third method of rebooting the system involves the otherwise unused ! 68: block zero of each UNIX file system. ! 69: The single-block program ! 70: .it uboot ! 71: will read a UNIX pathname from the console, ! 72: find the corresponding file on a device, ! 73: load that file into core location zero, ! 74: and transfer to it. ! 75: The current version of this boot program ! 76: reads a single character (either ! 77: .bd p ! 78: or ! 79: .bd k ! 80: for RP or RK, both drive 0) ! 81: to specify which device is to be ! 82: searched. ! 83: .it Uboot ! 84: operates under very ! 85: severe space constraints. ! 86: It supplies no prompts, except that it ! 87: echos a carriage return and line feed after the ! 88: .bd p ! 89: or ! 90: .bd k. ! 91: No diagnostic is provided if the indicated file cannot be found, ! 92: nor is there any means of correcting typographical errors in the ! 93: file name except to start the program over. ! 94: .it Uboot ! 95: can reside on any of the standard ! 96: file systems or may be loaded from a ! 97: .it tp ! 98: tape as described above. ! 99: .s3 ! 100: The standard DEC disk ROMs will load and execute ! 101: .it uboot ! 102: from block zero. ! 103: .s3 ! 104: .it "The switches.||" ! 105: The console switches play an important role in the ! 106: use and especially the booting of UNIX. ! 107: During operation, ! 108: the console switches are ! 109: examined 60 times per second, ! 110: and the contents of the address specified by the switches ! 111: are displayed in the display register. ! 112: (This is not true on the 11/40 ! 113: since there is no display register on that machine.) ! 114: If the switch address is even, ! 115: the address is interpreted in kernel (system) ! 116: space; ! 117: if odd, ! 118: the rounded-down address is interpreted in ! 119: the current user space. ! 120: .s3 ! 121: If any diagnostics are produced by the system, ! 122: they are printed on the console only if ! 123: the switches are non-zero. ! 124: Thus it is wise to have a non-zero value in the ! 125: switches at all times. ! 126: .s3 ! 127: During the startup of the ! 128: system, ! 129: the ! 130: .it init ! 131: program (VIII) ! 132: reads the switches and ! 133: will come up single-user ! 134: if the switches are set to 173030. ! 135: .s3 ! 136: It is unwise to have a non-existent address in the ! 137: switches. ! 138: This causes a bus error in the system ! 139: (displayed as 177777) ! 140: at the rate of 60 times per second. ! 141: If there is a transfer of more than ! 142: 16ms duration on a device with a data rate ! 143: faster than the bus error timeout ! 144: (approx 10\*us) ! 145: then a permanent disk non-existent-memory error will occur. ! 146: .s3 ! 147: .it "ROM programs.||" ! 148: Here are some programs which are suitable for ! 149: installing in read-only memories, ! 150: or for manual keying into core ! 151: if no ROM is present. ! 152: Each program is position-independent ! 153: but should be placed well above location 0 ! 154: so it will not be overwritten. ! 155: Each reads a block from the ! 156: beginning of a device into core location ! 157: zero. ! 158: The octal words constituting the program are ! 159: listed on the left. ! 160: .s3 ! 161: .ne 5 ! 162: .nf ! 163: DECtape (drive 0) from endzone: ! 164: .if n .ta 3 11 15 23 38 ! 165: .if t .ta .3i 1i 1.4i 2i 3.5i ! 166: 012700 mov $tcba,r0 ! 167: 177346 ! 168: 010040 mov r0,-(r0) / use tc addr for wc ! 169: 012710 mov $3,(r0) / read bn forward ! 170: 000003 ! 171: 105710 1: tstb (r0) / wait for ready ! 172: 002376 bge 1b ! 173: 112710 movb $5,(r0) / read (forward) ! 174: 000005 ! 175: 000777 br . / loop; now halt and start at 0 ! 176: .s3 ! 177: DECtape (drive 0) with search: ! 178: 012700 1: mov $tcba,r0 ! 179: 177346 ! 180: 010040 mov r0,-(r0) / use tc addr for wc ! 181: 012740 mov $4003,-(r0) / read bn reverse ! 182: 004003 ! 183: 005710 2: tst (r0) ! 184: 002376 bge 2b / wait for error ! 185: 005760 tst -2(r0) / loop if not end zone ! 186: 177776 ! 187: 002365 bge 1b ! 188: 012710 mov $3,(r0) / read bn forward ! 189: 000003 ! 190: 105710 2: tstb (r0) / wait for ready ! 191: 002376 bge 2b ! 192: 112710 movb $5,(r0) / read (forward) ! 193: 000005 ! 194: 105710 2: tstb (r0) / wait for ready ! 195: 002376 bge 2b ! 196: 005007 clr pc / transfer to zero ! 197: .s3 ! 198: .fi ! 199: Caution: both of these DECtape programs will (literally) blow a fuse ! 200: if 2 drives are dialed to zero. ! 201: .s3 ! 202: .nf ! 203: Magtape from load point: ! 204: 012700 mov $mtcma,r0 ! 205: 172526 ! 206: 010040 mov r0,-(r0) / usr mt addr for wc ! 207: 012740 mov $60003,-(r0) / read 9-track ! 208: 060003 ! 209: 000777 br . / loop; now halt and start at 0 ! 210: .s3 ! 211: RK (drive 0): ! 212: 012700 mov $rkmr,r0 ! 213: 177414 ! 214: 005040 clr -(r0) ! 215: 005040 clr -(r0) ! 216: 010040 mov r0,-(r0) ! 217: 012740 mov $5,-(r0) ! 218: 000005 ! 219: 105710 1: tstb (r0) ! 220: 002376 bge 1b ! 221: 005007 clr pc ! 222: .s3 ! 223: RP (drive 0) ! 224: 012700 mov $rpmr,r0 ! 225: 176726 ! 226: 005040 clr -(r0) ! 227: 005040 clr -(r0) ! 228: 005040 clr -(r0) ! 229: 010040 mov r0,-(r0) ! 230: 012740 mov $5,-(r0) ! 231: 000005 ! 232: 105710 1: tstb (r0) ! 233: 002376 bge 1b ! 234: 005007 clr pc ! 235: .dt ! 236: .sh FILES ! 237: /usr/sys/unix \*- UNIX code ! 238: .br ! 239: /usr/mdec/mboot \*- \fItp\fR magtape bootstrap ! 240: .br ! 241: /usr/mdec/tboot \*- \fItp\fR DECtape bootstrap ! 242: .br ! 243: /usr/mdec/uboot \*- file system bootstrap ! 244: .sh "SEE ALSO" ! 245: tp(I), init(VII)
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