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1.1 root 1:
2:
3: AR(I) 3/15/72 AR(I)
4:
5:
6:
7: NAME
8: ar - archive and library maintainer
9:
10: SYNOPSIS
11: ar__ key afile name ...
12:
13: DESCRIPTION
14: Ar__ maintains groups of files combined into a single archive
15: file. Its main use is to create and update library files as
16: used by the loader. It can be used, though, for any similar
17: purpose.
18:
19: Key___ is one character from the set drtux_____, optionally conca-
20: tenated with v_. Afile_____ is the archive file. The names_____ are
21: constituent files in the archive file. The meanings of the
22: key___ characters are:
23:
24: d_ means delete the named files from the archive file.
25:
26: r_ means replace the named files in the archive file. If the
27: archive file does not exist, r_ will create it. If the named
28: files are not in the archive file, they are appended.
29:
30: t_ prints a table of contents of the archive file. If no
31: names are given, all files in the archive are tabled. If
32: names are given, only those files are tabled.
33:
34: u_ is similar to r_ except that only those files that have
35: been modified are replaced. If no names are given, all
36: files in the archive that have been modified will be re-
37: placed by the modified version.
38:
39: x_ will extract the named files. If no names are given, all
40: files in the archive are extracted. In neither case does x_
41: alter the archive file.
42:
43: v_ means verbose. Under the verbose option, ar__ gives a
44: file-by-file description of the making of a new archive file
45: from the old archive and the constituent files. The follow-
46: ing abbreviations are used:
47:
48: c_ copy
49: a_ append
50: d_ delete
51: r_ replace
52: x_ extract
53:
54: FILES
55: /tmp/vtm? temporary
56:
57: SEE ALSO
58: ld(I), archive(V)
59:
60:
61:
62:
63:
64:
65: - 1 -
66:
67:
68:
69: AR(I) 3/15/72 AR(I)
70:
71:
72: BUGS
73: Option tv__ should be implemented as a table with more infor-
74: mation.
75:
76: There should be a way to specify the placement of a new file
77: in an archive. Currently, it is placed at the end.
78:
79: Since ar__ has not been rewritten to deal properly with the
80: new file system modes, extracted files have mode 666.
81:
82:
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122:
123:
124:
125:
126:
127:
128:
129:
130:
131: - 2 -
132:
133:
134:
135: AS(I) 1/15/73 AS(I)
136:
137:
138:
139: NAME
140: as - assembler
141:
142: SYNOPSIS
143: as__ [ - ] name ...
144:
145: DESCRIPTION
146: As__ assembles the concatenation of the named files. If the
147: optional first argument - is used, all undefined symbols in
148: the assembly are treated as global.
149:
150: The output of the assembly is left on the file a_.out___. It is
151: executable if no errors occurred during the assembly, and if
152: there were no unresolved external references.
153:
154: FILES
155: /etc/as2 pass 2 of the assembler
156: /tmp/atm[1-4]? temporary
157: a.out object
158:
159: SEE ALSO
160: ld(I), nm(I), db(I), a.out(V), `UNIX Assembler Manual'.
161:
162: DIAGNOSTICS
163: When an input file cannot be read, its name followed by a
164: question mark is typed and assembly ceases. When syntactic
165: or semantic errors occur, a single-character diagnostic is
166: typed out together with the line number and the file name in
167: which it occurred. Errors in pass 1 cause cancellation of
168: pass 2. The possible errors are:
169:
170: ) Parentheses error
171: ] Parentheses error
172: < String not terminated properly
173: * Indirection used illegally
174: . Illegal assignment to `.'
175: A Error in address
176: B Branch instruction is odd or too remote
177: E Error in expression
178: F Error in local (`f' or `b') type symbol
179: G Garbage (unknown) character
180: I End of file inside an if
181: M Multiply defined symbol as label
182: O Word quantity assembled at odd address
183: P `.' different in pass 1 and 2
184: R Relocation error
185: U Undefined symbol
186: X Syntax error
187:
188: BUGS
189: Symbol table overflow is not checked. x errors can cause
190: incorrect line numbers in following diagnostics.
191:
192:
193:
194:
195:
196:
197: - 1 -
198:
199:
200:
201: BAS(I) 1/15/73 BAS(I)
202:
203:
204:
205: NAME
206: bas - basic
207:
208: SYNOPSIS
209: bas___ [ file ]
210:
211: DESCRIPTION
212: Bas___ is a dialect of Basic. If a file argument is provided,
213: the file is used for input before the console is read. Bas___
214: accepts lines of the form:
215:
216: statement
217: integer statement
218:
219: Integer numbered statements (known as internal statements)
220: are stored for later execution. They are stored in sorted
221: ascending order. Non-numbered statements are immediately
222: executed. The result of an immediate expression statement
223: (that does not have `=' as its highest operator) is printed.
224:
225: Statements have the following syntax:
226:
227: expression
228: The expression is executed for its side effects (as-
229: signment or function call) or for printing as described
230: above.
231:
232: done____
233: Return to system level.
234:
235: draw____ expression expression expression
236: A line is drawn on the Tektronix 611 display `/dev/vt0'
237: from the current display position to the XY co-
238: ordinates specified by the first two expressions. The
239: scale is zero to one in both X and Y directions. If
240: the third expression is zero, the line is invisible.
241: The current display position is set to the end point.
242:
243: display_______ list
244: The list of expressions and strings is concatenated and
245: displayed (i.e. printed) on the 611 starting at the
246: current display position. The current display position
247: is not changed.
248:
249: erase_____
250: The 611 screen is erased.
251:
252: for___ name = expression expression statement
253: for___ name = expression expression
254: ...
255: next____
256: The for___ statement repetitively executes a statement
257: (first form) or a group of statements (second form)
258: under control of a named variable. The variable takes
259: on the value of the first expression, then is incre-
260: mented by one on each loop, not to exceed the value of
261:
262:
263: - 1 -
264:
265:
266:
267: BAS(I) 1/15/73 BAS(I)
268:
269:
270: the second expression.
271:
272: goto____ expression
273: The expression is evaluated, truncated to an integer
274: and execution goes to the corresponding integer num-
275: bered statment. If executed from immediate mode, the
276: internal statements are compiled first.
277:
278: if__ expression statement
279: The statement is executed if the expression evaluates
280: to non-zero.
281:
282: list____ [expression [expression]]
283: is used to print out the stored internal statements.
284: If no arguments are given, all internal statements are
285: printed. If one argument is given, only that internal
286: statement is listed. If two arguments are given, all
287: internal statements inclusively between the arguments
288: are printed.
289:
290: print_____ list
291: The list of expressions and strings are concatenated
292: and printed. (A string is delimited by " characters.)
293:
294: return______ [expression]
295: The expression is evaluated and the result is passed
296: back as the value of a function call. If no expression
297: is given, zero is returned.
298:
299: run___
300: The internal statements are compiled. The symbol table
301: is re-initialized. The random number generator is
302: reset. Control is passed to the lowest numbered inter-
303: nal statement.
304:
305: Expressions have the following syntax:
306:
307: name
308: A name is used to specify a variable. Names are com-
309: posed of a letter followed by letters and digits. The
310: first four characters of a name are significant.
311:
312: number
313: A number is used to represent a constant value. A
314: number is written in Fortran style, and contains di-
315: gits, an optional decimal point, and possibly a scale
316: factor consisting of an e followed by a possibly signed
317: exponent.
318:
319: ( expression )
320: Parentheses are used to alter normal order of evalua-
321: tion.
322:
323: expression operator expression
324: Common functions of two arguments are abbreviated by
325: the two arguments separated by an operator denoting the
326: function. A complete list of operators is given below.
327:
328:
329: - 2 -
330:
331:
332:
333: BAS(I) 1/15/73 BAS(I)
334:
335:
336: expression ( [expression [ , expression] ... ] )
337: Functions of an arbitrary number of arguments can be
338: called by an expression followed by the arguments in
339: parentheses separated by commas. The expression evalu-
340: ates to the line number of the entry of the function in
341: the internally stored statements. This causes the
342: internal statements to be compiled. If the expression
343: evaluates negative, a builtin function is called. The
344: list of builtin functions appears below.
345:
346: name [ expression [ , expression ] ... ]
347: Each expression is truncated to an integer and used as
348: a specifier for the name. The result is syntactically
349: identical to a name. a_[1_,2_] is the same as a_[1_][2_].
350: The truncated expressions are restricted to values
351: between 0 and 32767.
352:
353: The following is the list of operators:
354:
355: =
356: = is the assignment operator. The left operand must be
357: a name or an array element. The result is the right
358: operand. Assignment binds right to left, all other
359: operators bind left to right.
360:
361: &
362: & (logical and) has result zero if either of its argu-
363: ments are zero. It has result one if both its argu-
364: ments are non-zero. (logical or) has result zero if
365: both of its arguments are zero. It has result one if
366: either of its arguments are non-zero.
367:
368: < <= > >= == <>
369: The relational operators (< less than, <= less than or
370: equal, > greater than, >= greater than or equal, ==
371: equal to, <> not equal to) return one if their argu-
372: ments are in the specified relation. They return zero
373: otherwise. Relational operators at the same level
374: extend as follows: a>b>c is the same as a>b&b>c.
375:
376: + -
377: Add and subtract.
378:
379: * /
380: Multiply and divide.
381:
382: ^
383: Exponentiation.
384:
385: The following is a list of builtin functions:
386:
387: arg___(i_)
388: is the value of the i -th actual parameter on the
389: current level of function call.
390:
391: exp___(x_)
392: is the exponential function of x.
393:
394:
395: - 3 -
396:
397:
398:
399: BAS(I) 1/15/73 BAS(I)
400:
401:
402: log___(x_)
403: is the natural logarithm of x.
404:
405: sin___(x_)
406: is the sine of x (radians).
407:
408: cos___(x_)
409: is the cosine of x (radians).
410:
411: atn___(x_)
412: is the arctangent of x . its value is between -(*p/2
413: and (*p/2.
414:
415: rnd___( )
416: is a uniformly distributed random number between zero
417: and one.
418:
419: expr____( )
420: is the only form of program input. A line is read from
421: the input and evaluated as an expression. The resul-
422: tant value is returned.
423:
424: int___(x_)
425: returns x truncated to an integer.
426:
427: FILES
428: /tmp/btm? temporary
429:
430: DIAGNOSTICS
431: Syntax errors cause the incorrect line to be typed with an
432: underscore where the parse failed. All other diagnostics
433: are self explanatory.
434:
435: BUGS
436: Has been known to give core images. Needs a way to list____ a
437: program onto a file.
438:
439:
440:
441:
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443:
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445:
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454:
455:
456:
457:
458:
459:
460:
461: - 4 -
462:
463:
464:
465: CAT(I) 1/15/73 CAT(I)
466:
467:
468:
469: NAME
470: cat - concatenate and print
471:
472: SYNOPSIS
473: cat___ file ...
474:
475: DESCRIPTION
476: Cat___ reads each file in sequence and writes it on the stan-
477: dard output. Thus:
478:
479: cat___ file____
480:
481: is about the easiest way to print a file. Also:
482:
483: cat___ file1_____ file2_____ >file3_____
484:
485: is about the easiest way to concatenate files.
486:
487: If no input file is given cat___ reads from the standard input
488: file.
489:
490: If the argument - is encountered, cat___ reads from the stan-
491: dard input file.
492:
493:
494: SEE ALSO
495: pr(I), cp(I)
496:
497: DIAGNOSTICS
498: none; if a file cannot be found it is ignored.
499:
500: BUGS
501: cat___ x_ y_ >x_ and cat___ x_ y_ >y_ cause strange results.
502:
503:
504:
505:
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510:
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523:
524:
525:
526:
527: - 1 -
528:
529:
530:
531: CATSIM(I) 11/1/73 CATSIM(I)
532:
533:
534:
535: NAME
536: catsim - phototypesetter simulator
537:
538: SYNOPSIS
539: catsim______
540:
541: DESCRIPTION
542: Catsim______ will interpret its standard input as codes for the
543: phototypesetter (cat). The output of catsim______ is output to
544: the display (vt).
545:
546: About the only use of catsim______ is to save time and paper on
547: the phototypesetter by the following command:
548:
549: troff -t files | catsim
550:
551: FILES
552: /dev/vt0
553:
554: SEE ALSO
555: troff(I), cat(IV), vt(IV)
556:
557: BUGS
558: Point sizes are not correct. The vt character set is res-
559: tricted to one font of ASCII.
560:
561:
562:
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590:
591:
592:
593: - 1 -
594:
595:
596:
597: CC(I) 3/15/72 CC(I)
598:
599:
600:
601: NAME
602: cc - C compiler
603:
604: SYNOPSIS
605: cc__ [ -c_ ] [ -p_ ] file ...
606:
607: DESCRIPTION
608: Cc__ is the UNIX C compiler. It accepts three types of
609: arguments:
610:
611: Arguments whose names end with `.c' are assumed to be C
612: source programs; they are compiled, and the object program
613: is left on the file whose name is that of the source with
614: `.o' substituted for `.c'.
615:
616: Other arguments (except for -c) are assumed to be either
617: loader flag arguments, or C-compatible object programs, typ-
618: ically produced by an earlier cc__ run, or perhaps libraries
619: of C-compatible routines. These programs, together with the
620: results of any compilations specified, are loaded (in the
621: order given) to produce an executable program with name
622: a_.out___.
623:
624: The -c_ argument suppresses the loading phase, as does any
625: syntax error in any of the routines being compiled.
626:
627: If the -p_ flag is used, only the macro prepass is run on all
628: files whose name ends in .c. The expanded source is left on
629: the file whose name is that of the source with .i substitut-
630: ed for .c.
631:
632: FILES
633: file.c input file
634: file.o object file
635: a.out loaded output
636: /tmp/ctm? temporary
637: /lib/c[01] compiler
638: /lib/crt0.o runtime startoff
639: /lib/libc.a builtin functions, etc.
640: /lib/liba.a system library
641:
642: SEE ALSO
643: `C reference manual', cdb(I), ld(I) for other flag argu-
644: ments.
645:
646: BUGS
647:
648:
649:
650:
651:
652:
653:
654:
655:
656:
657:
658:
659: - 1 -
660:
661:
662:
663: CDB(I) 8/15/73 CDB(I)
664:
665:
666:
667: NAME
668: cdb - C debugger
669:
670: SYNOPSIS
671: cdb___ [ core [ a.out ]]
672:
673: DESCRIPTION
674: Cdb___ is a debugging program for use with C programs. It is
675: by no means completed, and this section is essentially only
676: a placeholder for the actual description.
677:
678: Even the present cdb___ has one useful feature: the command
679:
680: $
681:
682: will give a stack trace of the core image of a terminated C
683: program. The calls are listed in the order made; the actual
684: arguments to each routine are given in octal.
685:
686: SEE ALSO
687: cc(I), db(I), C Reference Manual
688:
689: BUGS
690: It has to be fixed to work with the new system.
691:
692:
693:
694:
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724:
725: - 1 -
726:
727:
728:
729: CHDIR(I) 3/15/72 CHDIR(I)
730:
731:
732:
733: NAME
734: chdir - change working directory
735:
736: SYNOPSIS
737: chdir_____ directory
738:
739: DESCRIPTION
740: Directory_________ becomes the new working directory. The process
741: must have execute permission on the directory. The process
742: must have execute (search) permission in directory_________.
743:
744: Because a new process is created to execute each command,
745: chdir_____ would be ineffective if it were written as a normal
746: command. It is therefore recognized and executed by the
747: Shell.
748:
749: SEE ALSO
750: sh(I)
751:
752: BUGS
753:
754:
755:
756:
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790:
791: - 1 -
792:
793:
794:
795: CHMOD(I) 8/20/73 CHMOD(I)
796:
797:
798:
799: NAME
800: chmod - change mode
801:
802: SYNOPSIS
803: chmod_____ octal file ...
804:
805: DESCRIPTION
806: The octal mode replaces the mode of each of the files. The
807: mode is constructed from the OR of the following modes:
808:
809: 4000 set user ID on execution
810: 2000 set group ID on execution
811: 0400 read by owner
812: 0200 write by owner
813: 0100 execute by owner
814: 0070 read, write, execute by group
815: 0007 read, write, execute by others
816:
817: Only the owner of a file (or the super-user) may change its
818: mode.
819:
820:
821: SEE ALSO
822: ls(I)
823:
824:
825: BUGS
826:
827:
828:
829:
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857: - 1 -
858:
859:
860:
861: CHOWN(I) 3/15/72 CHOWN(I)
862:
863:
864:
865: NAME
866: chown - change owner
867:
868: SYNOPSIS
869: chown_____ owner file ...
870:
871: DESCRIPTION
872: Owner_____ becomes the new owner of the files. The owner may be
873: either a decimal UID or a login name found in the password
874: file.
875:
876: Only the owner of a file (or the super-user) is allowed to
877: change the owner. Unless it is done by the super-user or
878: the real user ID of the new owner, the set-user-ID permis-
879: sion bit is turned off as the owner of a file is changed.
880:
881: FILES
882: /etc/passwd
883:
884: BUGS
885:
886:
887:
888:
889:
890:
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923: - 1 -
924:
925:
926:
927: CMP(I) 1/15/73 CMP(I)
928:
929:
930:
931: NAME
932: cmp - compare two files
933:
934: SYNOPSIS
935: cmp___ file1 file2
936:
937: DESCRIPTION
938: The two files are compared for identical contents.
939: Discrepancies are noted by giving the offset and the differ-
940: ing words, all in octal.
941:
942: SEE ALSO
943: proof (I), comm (I)
944:
945: BUGS
946: If the shorter of the two files is of odd length, cmp___ acts
947: as if a null byte had been appended to it. The offset______ is
948: only a single-precision number.
949:
950:
951:
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988:
989: - 1 -
990:
991:
992:
993: COMM(I) 8/21/73 COMM(I)
994:
995:
996:
997: NAME
998: comm - print lines common to two files
999:
1000: SYNOPSIS
1001: comm____ [ - [ 123___ ] ] file1 file2 [ file3 ]
1002:
1003: DESCRIPTION
1004: Comm____ reads file1_____ and file2_____, which should be in sort, and
1005: produces a three column output: lines only in file1_____; lines
1006: only in file2_____; and lines in both files.
1007:
1008: If file3_____ is given, the output will be placed there; other-
1009: wise it will be written on the standard output.
1010:
1011: Flags 1, 2, or 3 suppress printing of the corresponding
1012: column. Thus comm____ -12__ prints only the lines common to the
1013: two files; comm____ -23__ prints only lines in the first file but
1014: not in the second; comm____ -123___ is a no-op.
1015:
1016:
1017: SEE ALSO
1018: uniq(|I|), proof(|I|), cmp(|I|)
1019:
1020: BUGS
1021:
1022:
1023:
1024:
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1038:
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1041:
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1043:
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1051:
1052:
1053:
1054:
1055: - 1 -
1056:
1057:
1058:
1059: CP(I) 1/24/73 CP(I)
1060:
1061:
1062:
1063: NAME
1064: cp - copy
1065:
1066: SYNOPSIS
1067: cp__ file1 file2
1068:
1069: DESCRIPTION
1070: The first file is copied onto the second. The mode and own-
1071: er of the target file are preserved if it already existed;
1072: the mode of the source file is used otherwise.
1073:
1074: If file2_____ is a directory, then the target file is a file in
1075: that directory with the file-name of file1_____.
1076:
1077: SEE ALSO
1078: cat(I), pr(I), mv(I)
1079:
1080: BUGS
1081: Copying a file onto itself destroy
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