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1.1 root 1: .TH ED 1
2: .CT 1 editor
3: .ds . (\|\f5.\fP\|)
4: .ds .. (\|\f5.,.\fP\|)
5: .ds 1$ (\|\f51,$\fP\|)
6: .SH NAME
7: ed, e \- text editor
8: .SH SYNOPSIS
9: .B ed
10: [
11: .B -
12: ]
13: [
14: .B -o
15: ]
16: [
17: .I file
18: ]
19: .SH DESCRIPTION
20: .I Ed
21: is the standard text editor;
22: .I e
23: is another name for it.
24: .PP
25: If a
26: .I file
27: argument is given,
28: .I ed
29: simulates an
30: .L e
31: command (see below) on that file:
32: it is read into
33: .I ed's
34: buffer so that it can be edited.
35: The options are
36: .TP
37: .B -
38: Suppress the printing
39: of character counts by
40: .LR e ,
41: .LR r ,
42: and
43: .L w
44: commands and of the confirming
45: .L !
46: by
47: .L !
48: commands.
49: .TP
50: .B -o
51: (for output piping)
52: Place on the standard error file all output except writing by
53: .L w
54: commands.
55: If no
56: .I file
57: is given, make
58: .F /dev/stdout
59: the remembered file; see the
60: .L e
61: command below.
62: .PP
63: .I Ed
64: operates on a `buffer', a copy of the file it is editing;
65: changes made
66: in the buffer have no effect on the file until a
67: .L w
68: (write)
69: command is given.
70: The copy of the text being edited resides
71: in a temporary file called the
72: .IR buffer .
73: .PP
74: Commands to
75: .I ed
76: have a simple and regular structure: zero or
77: more
78: .I addresses
79: followed by a single character
80: .I command,
81: possibly
82: followed by parameters to the command.
83: These addresses specify one or more lines in the buffer.
84: Missing addresses are supplied by default.
85: .PP
86: In general, only one command may appear on a line.
87: Certain commands allow the
88: addition of text to the buffer.
89: While
90: .I ed
91: is accepting text, it is said
92: to be in
93: .I "input mode."
94: In this mode, no commands are recognized;
95: all input is merely collected.
96: Input mode is left by typing a period
97: .L .
98: alone at the
99: beginning of a line.
100: .PP
101: .I Ed
102: supports a limited form of
103: .I "regular expression"
104: notation.
105: A regular expression specifies
106: a set of strings of characters.
107: A member of this set of strings is said to be
108: .I matched
109: by the regular expression.
110: In the following specification for regular expressions
111: the word `character' means any character but newline.
112: .IP 1.
113: Any character except a special character
114: matches itself.
115: Special characters are
116: the regular expression delimiter plus
117: .L \e[.
118: and sometimes
119: .LR ^*$ .
120: .IP 2.
121: A
122: .B .
123: matches any character.
124: .IP 3.
125: A
126: .L \e
127: followed by any character except a digit,
128: .LR ( ,
129: or
130: .L )
131: matches that character.
132: .IP 4.
133: A nonempty string
134: .I s
135: bracketed
136: .BI [ \|s\| ]
137: (or
138: .BI [^ s\| ])
139: matches any character in (or not in)
140: .I s.
141: In
142: .I s,
143: .L \e
144: has no special meaning, and
145: .L ]
146: may only appear as
147: the first letter.
148: A substring
149: .IB a - b ,
150: with
151: .I a
152: and
153: .I b
154: in ascending
155: .SM ASCII
156: order, stands for the inclusive
157: range of
158: .SM ASCII
159: characters.
160: .IP 5.
161: A regular expression of form 1-4 followed by
162: .L *
163: matches a sequence of
164: 0 or more matches of the regular expression.
165: .IP 6.
166: A regular expression,
167: .I x,
168: of form 1-8, bracketed
169: .BI \e( \|x\| \e)
170: matches what
171: .I x
172: matches.
173: .IP 7.
174: A
175: .L \e
176: followed by a digit
177: .I n
178: matches a copy of the string that the
179: bracketed regular expression beginning with the
180: .IR n th
181: .L \e(
182: matched.
183: .IP 8.
184: A regular expression of form 1-8,
185: .I x,
186: followed by a regular expression of form 1-7,
187: .I y
188: matches a match for
189: .I x
190: followed by a match for
191: .I y,
192: with the
193: .I x
194: match being as long as possible while still permitting a
195: .I y
196: match.
197: .IP 9.
198: A regular expression of form 1-8, or a null string, preceded by
199: .L ^
200: (and/or followed by
201: .LR $ ),
202: is constrained to matches that
203: begin at the left (and/or end at the right) end of a line.
204: .IP 10.
205: A regular expression of form 1-9 picks out the
206: longest among the leftmost matches in a line.
207: .IP 11.
208: An empty regular expression stands for a copy of the
209: last regular expression encountered.
210: .PP
211: Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify
212: lines and in one command
213: (see
214: .I s
215: below)
216: to specify a portion of a line which is to be replaced.
217: If it is desired to use one of
218: the regular expression metacharacters as an ordinary
219: character, that character may be preceded by `\e'.
220: This also applies to the character bounding the regular
221: expression (often
222: .LR / )
223: and to
224: .L \e
225: itself.
226: .PP
227: To understand addressing in
228: .I ed
229: it is necessary to know that at any time there is a
230: .I "current line."
231: Generally speaking, the current line is
232: the last line affected by a command; however,
233: the exact effect on the current line
234: is discussed under the description of
235: the command.
236: Addresses are constructed as follows.
237: .TP
238: 1.
239: The character
240: .LR . ,
241: customarily called `dot',
242: addresses the current line.
243: .TP
244: 2.
245: The character
246: .L $
247: addresses the last line of the buffer.
248: .TP
249: 3.
250: A decimal number
251: .I n
252: addresses the
253: .IR n -th
254: line of the buffer.
255: .TP
256: 4.
257: .BI \'x
258: addresses the line marked with the name
259: .IR x ,
260: which must be a lower-case letter.
261: Lines are marked with the
262: .L k
263: command described below.
264: .TP
265: 5.
266: A regular expression enclosed in slashes
267: .L /
268: addresses
269: the line found by searching forward from the current line
270: and stopping at the first line containing a
271: string that matches the regular expression.
272: If necessary the search wraps around to the beginning of the
273: buffer.
274: .TP
275: 6.
276: A regular expression enclosed in queries
277: .L ?
278: addresses
279: the line found by searching backward from the current line
280: and stopping at the first line containing
281: a string that matches the regular expression.
282: If necessary
283: the search wraps around to the end of the buffer.
284: .TP
285: 7.
286: An address followed by a plus sign
287: .L +
288: or a minus sign
289: .L -
290: followed by a decimal number specifies that address plus
291: (resp. minus) the indicated number of lines.
292: The plus sign may be omitted.
293: .TP
294: 8.
295: An address followed by
296: .L +
297: (or
298: .LR - )
299: followed by a
300: regular expression enclosed in slashes specifies the first
301: matching line following (or preceding) that address.
302: The search wraps around if necessary.
303: The
304: .L +
305: may be omitted, so
306: .L 0/x/
307: addresses the
308: .I first
309: line in the buffer with an
310: .LR x .
311: Enclosing the regular expression in
312: .L ?
313: reverses the search direction.
314: .TP
315: 9.
316: If an address begins with
317: .L +
318: or
319: .L -
320: the addition or subtraction is taken with respect to the current line;
321: e.g.\&
322: .L -5
323: is understood to mean
324: .LR .-5 .
325: .TP
326: 10.
327: If an address ends with
328: .L +
329: or
330: .LR - ,
331: then 1 is added (resp. subtracted).
332: As a consequence of this rule and rule 9,
333: the address
334: .L -
335: refers to the line before the current line.
336: Moreover,
337: trailing
338: .L +
339: and
340: .L -
341: characters
342: have cumulative effect, so
343: .L --
344: refers to the current
345: line less 2.
346: .TP
347: 11.
348: To maintain compatibility with earlier versions of the editor,
349: the character
350: .L ^
351: in addresses is
352: equivalent to
353: .LR - .
354: .PP
355: Commands may require zero, one, or two addresses.
356: Commands which require no addresses regard the presence
357: of an address as an error.
358: Commands which accept one or two addresses
359: assume default addresses when insufficient are given.
360: If more addresses are given than such a command requires,
361: the last one or two (depending on what is accepted) are used.
362: .PP
363: Addresses are separated from each other typically by a comma
364: .LR , .
365: They may also be separated by a semicolon
366: .LR ; .
367: In this case the current line
368: is set to
369: the previous address before the next address is interpreted.
370: If no address precedes a comma or semicolon, line 1 is assumed;
371: if no address follows, the last line of the buffer is assumed.
372: The second address of any two-address sequence
373: must correspond to a line following the line corresponding to the first address.
374: .PP
375: In the following list of
376: .I ed
377: commands, the default addresses
378: are shown in parentheses.
379: The parentheses are not part of
380: the address, but are used to show that the given addresses are
381: the default.
382: `Dot' means the current line.
383: .TP
384: .RB \*. \|a
385: .br
386: .ns
387: .TP
388: <text>
389: .br
390: .ns
391: .TP
392: .B .
393: Read the given text
394: and append it after the addressed line.
395: Dot is left
396: on the last line input, if there
397: were any, otherwise at the addressed line.
398: Address
399: .L 0
400: is legal for this command; text is placed
401: at the beginning of the buffer.
402: .TP
403: .RB \*(.. \|b [ +- ][\fIpagesize\fP][ pln\fR]
404: Browse.
405: Print a `page', normally 20 lines.
406: The optional
407: .L +
408: (default) or
409: .L -
410: specifies whether the next or previous
411: page is to be printed.
412: The optional
413: .I pagesize
414: is the number of lines in a page.
415: The optional
416: .LR p ,
417: .LR n ,
418: or
419: .L l
420: causes printing in the specified format, initially
421: .LR p .
422: Pagesize and format are remembered between
423: .L b
424: commands.
425: Dot is left at the last line displayed.
426: .TP
427: .RB \*(.. \|c
428: .br
429: .ns
430: .TP
431: <text>
432: .br
433: .ns
434: .TP
435: .B .
436: .br
437: Change.
438: Delete the addressed lines, then accept input
439: text to replace these lines.
440: Dot is left at the last line input; if there were none,
441: it is left at the line preceding the deleted lines.
442: .TP
443: .RB \*(.. \|d
444: Delete the addressed lines from the buffer.
445: Dot is set to the line following the last line deleted, or to
446: the last line of the buffer if the deleted lines had no successor.
447: .TP
448: .BI e " filename"
449: Edit.
450: Delete the entire contents of the buffer;
451: then read the named file into the buffer.
452: Dot is set to the last line of the buffer.
453: The number of characters read is typed.
454: The file name is remembered for possible use in later
455: .LR e ,
456: .LR r ,
457: or
458: .L w
459: commands.
460: If
461: .I filename
462: is missing, the remembered name is used.
463: .TP
464: .BI E " filename"
465: Unconditional
466: .LR e ;
467: see `DIAGNOSTICS' below.
468: .TP
469: .BI f " filename"
470: Print the currently remembered file name.
471: If
472: .I filename
473: is given,
474: the currently remembered file name is first changed to
475: .I filename.
476: .TP
477: .RB \*(1$ \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIcommand\ list\fP
478: .PD 0
479: .TP
480: .RB \*(1$ \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP/
481: .TP
482: .RB \*(1$ \|g/\fIregular\ expression\fP
483: .PD
484: Global.
485: First mark every line which matches
486: the given
487: .I regular expression.
488: Then for every such line, execute the
489: .I command list
490: with dot initially set to that line.
491: A single command or the first of multiple commands
492: appears on the same line with the global command.
493: All lines of a multi-line list except the last line must end with
494: .LR \e .
495: The
496: .RB \&` \&. \&'
497: terminating input mode for an
498: .LR a ,
499: .LR i ,
500: .L c
501: command may be omitted if it would be on the
502: last line of the command list.
503: The commands
504: .L g
505: and
506: .L v
507: are not permitted in the command list.
508: Any character other than space or newline may
509: be used instead of
510: .L /
511: to delimit the regular expression.
512: The second and third forms mean
513: .BI g/ regular\ expression /p .
514: .TP
515: .RB (\| .\| ) \|i
516: .PD 0
517: .TP
518: <text>
519: .TP
520: .B .
521: Insert the given text before the addressed line.
522: Dot is left at the last line input, or, if there were none,
523: at the line before the addressed line.
524: This command differs from the
525: .I a
526: command only in the placement of the
527: text.
528: .PD
529: .TP
530: .RB (\| .,.+1 \|) \|j
531: Join the addressed lines into a single line;
532: intermediate newlines are deleted.
533: Dot is left at the resulting line.
534: .TP
535: .RB \*. \|k\fIx\fP
536: Mark the addressed line with name
537: .I x,
538: which must be a lower-case letter.
539: The address form
540: .BI \' x
541: then addresses this line.
542: .ne 2.5
543: .TP
544: .RB \*(.. \|l
545: List.
546: Print the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
547: a tab is printed as
548: .LR \et ,
549: a backspace as
550: .LR \eb ,
551: backslashes as
552: .LR \e\e ,
553: and non-printing characters as
554: printed as a backslash followed by three octal digits.
555: Long lines are folded,
556: with the second and subsequent sub-lines indented one tab stop.
557: If the last character in the line is a blank,
558: it is followed by
559: .LR \en .
560: An
561: .L l
562: may be appended, like
563: .LR p ,
564: to any non-I/O command.
565: .TP
566: .RB \*(.. \|m\fIa
567: Move.
568: Reposition the addressed lines after the line
569: addressed by
570: .IR a .
571: Dot is left at the last moved line.
572: .TP
573: .RB \*(.. \|n
574: Number.
575: Perform
576: .LR p ,
577: prefixing each line with its line number and a tab.
578: An
579: .L n
580: may be appended, like
581: .LR p ,
582: to any non-I/O command.
583: .TP
584: .RB \*(.. \|p
585: Print the addressed lines.
586: Dot is left at the last line printed.
587: A
588: .L p
589: appended to any non-I/O command causes the then current line
590: to be printed after the command is executed.
591: .TP
592: .RB \*(.. \|P
593: This command is a synonym for
594: .LR p .
595: .TP
596: .B q
597: Quit the editor.
598: No automatic write
599: of a file is done.
600: .TP
601: .B Q
602: Quit unconditionally; see `DIAGNOSTICS' below.
603: .TP
604: .RB ( $ )\|r\ \fIfilename\fP
605: Read in the given file after the addressed line.
606: If no
607: .I filename
608: is given, the remembered file name is used.
609: The file name is remembered if there were no
610: remembered file name already.
611: If the read is successful, the number of characters
612: read is typed.
613: Dot is left at the last line read in from the file.
614: .TP
615: .RB \*(.. \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/
616: .PD 0
617: .TP
618: .RB \*(.. \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/g
619: .TP
620: .RB \*(.. \|s\fIn\fP/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP
621: .PD
622: Substitute.
623: Search each addressed
624: line for an occurrence of the specified regular expression.
625: On each line in which
626: .I n
627: matches are found
628: .RI ( n
629: defaults to 1 if missing),
630: the
631: .IR n th
632: matched string is replaced by the replacement specified.
633: If the global replacement indicator
634: .L g
635: appears after the command,
636: all subsequent matches on the line are also replaced.
637: It is an error for the substitution to fail on all addressed lines.
638: Any character other than space or newline
639: may be used instead of
640: .L /
641: to delimit the regular expression
642: and the replacement.
643: Dot is left at the last line substituted.
644: The third form means
645: .BI s n / regular\ expression / replacement\fP/p\fR.
646: The second
647: .L /
648: may be omitted if the replacement is
649: empty.
650: .IP
651: An ampersand
652: .L &
653: appearing in the replacement
654: is replaced by the string matching the regular expression.
655: The characters
656: .BI \e n,
657: where
658: .I n
659: is a digit,
660: are replaced by the text matched by the
661: .IR n -th
662: regular subexpression
663: enclosed between
664: .L \e(
665: and
666: .LR \e) .
667: When
668: nested, parenthesized subexpressions
669: are present,
670: .I n
671: is determined by counting occurrences of
672: .LR \e (
673: starting from the left.
674: .IP
675: A literal
676: .LR & ,
677: .LR / ,
678: .L \e
679: or newline may be included in a replacement
680: by prefixing it with
681: .LR \e .
682: .TP
683: .RB \*(.. \|t\|\fIa
684: Transfer.
685: Copy the addressed lines
686: after the line addressed by
687: .I a.
688: Dot is left at the last line of the copy.
689: .TP
690: .RB \*(.. \|u
691: Undo.
692: Restore the preceding contents
693: of the current line, which must be the last line
694: in which a substitution was made.
695: .TP
696: .RB \*(1$ \|v/\fIregular\ expression\fP/\fIcommand\ list\fP
697: .PD 0
698: .TP
699: .RB \*(1$ \|v/\fIregular\ expression\fP/
700: .TP
701: .RB \*(1$ \|v/\fIregular\ expression\fP
702: .PD
703: This command is the same as the global command
704: .L g
705: except that the command list is executed with
706: dot initially set to every line
707: .I except
708: those
709: matching the regular expression.
710: .TP
711: .RB \*(1$ \|w " \fIfilename\fP"
712: Write the addressed lines onto
713: the given file.
714: If the file does not exist,
715: it is created with mode 666 (readable and writable by everyone).
716: If no
717: .I filename
718: is given, the remembered file name, if any, is used.
719: The file name is remembered if there were no
720: remembered file name already.
721: Dot is unchanged.
722: If the write is successful, the number of characters written is
723: printed.
724: .TP
725: .RB \*(1$ \|W " \fIfilename\fP"
726: Perform
727: .LR w ,
728: but append to, instead of overwriting, any existing file contents.
729: .TP
730: .RB ( $ ) \|=
731: Print the line number of the addressed line.
732: Dot is unchanged.
733: .TP
734: .BI ! shell\ command
735: Send the remainder of the line after the
736: .L !
737: to
738: .IR sh (1)
739: to be interpreted as a command.
740: Dot is unchanged.
741: .TP
742: .RB (\| .+1 )\|<newline>
743: An address without a command is taken as a
744: .L p
745: command.
746: A terminal
747: .L /
748: may be omitted from the address.
749: A blank line alone is equivalent to
750: .LR .+1p ;
751: it is useful
752: for stepping through text.
753: .PP
754: If an interrupt signal
755: .SM (ASCII DEL)
756: is sent,
757: .I ed
758: prints a
759: .L ?
760: and returns to its command level.
761: .PP
762: When reading a file,
763: .I ed
764: discards
765: .SM ASCII NUL
766: characters
767: and all characters after the last newline.
768: It refuses to read files containing non-\c
769: .SM ASCII
770: characters.
771: .SH FILES
772: .F /tmp/e*
773: .br
774: .F ed.hup
775: \ \ work is saved here if terminal hangs up
776: .SH "SEE ALSO"
777: .IR sam (9.1),
778: .IR sed (1),
779: .IR vi (1)
780: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
781: .BI ? name
782: for inaccessible file;
783: .L ?TMP
784: for temporary file overflow;
785: .L ?
786: for errors in commands or other overflows.
787: .PP
788: To protect against throwing away valuable work,
789: a
790: .L q
791: or
792: .L e
793: command is considered to be in error if the buffer has
794: been modified since the last
795: .LR w ,
796: .LR q ,
797: or
798: .L e
799: command.
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