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1.1 ! root 1: .TH LD 1 ! 2: .CT 1 lib_obj ! 3: .SH NAME ! 4: ld \(mi link editor or loader ! 5: .SH SYNOPSIS ! 6: .B ld ! 7: [ ! 8: .I option ... ! 9: ] ! 10: .I file ... ! 11: .SH DESCRIPTION ! 12: .I Ld ! 13: combines several ! 14: object programs into one, resolves external ! 15: references, and searches libraries. ! 16: In the simplest case several object ! 17: .I files ! 18: are given, and ! 19: .I ld ! 20: combines them, producing ! 21: an object module which can be either executed or ! 22: become the input for a further ! 23: .I ld ! 24: run. ! 25: (In the latter case, the ! 26: .B -r ! 27: option must be given ! 28: to preserve the relocation bits.) ! 29: The output of ! 30: .I ld ! 31: is left on ! 32: .FR a.out . ! 33: This file is made executable ! 34: only if no errors occurred during the load. ! 35: .PP ! 36: The argument routines are concatenated in the order ! 37: specified. The entry point of the output is the ! 38: beginning of the first routine (unless the ! 39: .B -e ! 40: option is specified). ! 41: .PP ! 42: If any argument is a library, it is searched exactly once ! 43: at the point it is encountered in the argument list. ! 44: Only those routines defining an unresolved external ! 45: reference are loaded. ! 46: If a routine from a library ! 47: references another routine in the library, ! 48: and the library has not been processed by ! 49: .I ranlib ! 50: (see ! 51: .IR ar (1)), ! 52: the referenced routine must appear after the ! 53: referencing routine in the library. ! 54: Thus the order of programs within libraries ! 55: may be important; see ! 56: .IR lorder (1). ! 57: The first member of a library ! 58: should be a file named ! 59: .BR _\^_.SYMDEF , ! 60: which is understood to be a dictionary for the library as produced by ! 61: .IR ranlib ; ! 62: the dictionary is searched iteratively to satisfy as many references as ! 63: possible. ! 64: .PP ! 65: The symbols ! 66: .LR \_etext , ! 67: .LR \_edata , ! 68: and ! 69: .L \_end ! 70: .RL ( etext , ! 71: .LR edata , ! 72: and ! 73: .L end ! 74: in C) are reserved, and if referred to, ! 75: are set to the first location above the program, ! 76: the first location above initialized data, ! 77: and the first location above all data, respectively. ! 78: It is erroneous to define these symbols. ! 79: .PP ! 80: .I Ld ! 81: understands several options. ! 82: Except for ! 83: .BR -l ! 84: and ! 85: .BR -o , ! 86: they should appear before the file names. ! 87: .TP ! 88: .B -A ! 89: Load incrementally, so that the resulting object code ! 90: may be read into an already executing program. ! 91: The next argument names an object file whose symbol table will be ! 92: added to. ! 93: Only newly linked material will be entered into the text and ! 94: data portions of ! 95: .FR a.out , ! 96: but the new symbol table will reflect ! 97: every symbol defined before and after the incremental load. ! 98: .B -A ! 99: must not follow any object file names. ! 100: .TP ! 101: .B -D ! 102: Take the next argument as a hexadecimal number and pad the data segment ! 103: with zeros to the indicated length. ! 104: .TP ! 105: .B -d ! 106: Force definition of common storage ! 107: even if the ! 108: .B -r ! 109: flag is present. ! 110: .TP ! 111: .B -e ! 112: The following argument is taken to be the ! 113: name of the entry point of the loaded ! 114: program; location 0 is the default. ! 115: .TP ! 116: .BI -l x ! 117: This ! 118: option is an abbreviation for the library name ! 119: .BI /lib/lib x .a , ! 120: where ! 121: .I x ! 122: is a string. ! 123: If that does not exist, ! 124: .I ld ! 125: tries ! 126: .BI /usr/lib/lib x .a ! 127: A library is searched when its name is encountered, ! 128: so the placement of the option ! 129: is significant. ! 130: .TP ! 131: .B -M ! 132: produce a primitive load map, listing the names of the files ! 133: which will be loaded. ! 134: .TP ! 135: .B -N ! 136: Do not make the text portion read-only or sharable. (Use `magic number' 0407.) ! 137: .TP ! 138: .B -n ! 139: Arrange that ! 140: when the output file is executed, ! 141: the text portion will be read-only and shared ! 142: among all users executing the file. ! 143: (Use magic number 0410 and ! 144: move the data segment to a ! 145: 1024 byte boundary.) ! 146: .TP ! 147: .B -o ! 148: The ! 149: .I name ! 150: argument after ! 151: .B -o ! 152: is used as the name of the ! 153: .I ld ! 154: output file, instead of ! 155: .FR a.out . ! 156: .TP ! 157: .B -r ! 158: Generate relocation bits in the output file ! 159: so that it can be the subject of another ! 160: .I ld ! 161: run. ! 162: This flag also prevents final fixing ! 163: of `common' symbols (uninitialized C variables or ! 164: Fortran common variables), ! 165: and suppresses `undefined symbol' diagnostics. ! 166: .TP ! 167: .B -s ! 168: Strip the output, that is, remove the symbol table ! 169: and relocation bits to save space (but impair the ! 170: usefulness of the debuggers). ! 171: This information can also be removed by ! 172: .IR strip (1). ! 173: .TP ! 174: .B -S ! 175: Partially strip; remove all symbols that were not in the source. ! 176: .TP ! 177: .B -T ! 178: The next argument is a hexadecimal number which sets the text segment origin. ! 179: With option ! 180: .B -A ! 181: this origin must be a multiple of 1024. ! 182: The default is 0, or ! 183: .B _end ! 184: with ! 185: .BR -A . ! 186: .TP ! 187: .B -t ! 188: (trace) Print the name of each file as it is processed. ! 189: .TP ! 190: .B -u ! 191: Take the following argument as a symbol and enter ! 192: it as undefined in the symbol table. This is useful ! 193: for loading wholly from a library, since initially the symbol ! 194: table is empty and an unresolved reference is needed ! 195: to force the loading of the first routine. ! 196: .TP ! 197: .B -X ! 198: Save local symbols ! 199: except for those whose names begin with ! 200: .LR L . ! 201: This option is used by ! 202: .IR cc (1) ! 203: to discard internally-generated labels while ! 204: retaining symbols local to routines. ! 205: .TP ! 206: .B -x ! 207: Do not preserve local ! 208: symbols in the output symbol table; only enter ! 209: external symbols. ! 210: This option saves some space in the output file. ! 211: .TP ! 212: .BI -y sym ! 213: Indicate each file in which ! 214: .I sym ! 215: appears, its type and whether the file defines or references it. ! 216: Many such options may be given to trace many symbols. ! 217: (It is usually necessary to begin ! 218: .I sym ! 219: with an underscore ! 220: .LR _ , ! 221: as external C, Fortran, and Pascal variables begin ! 222: with underscores.) ! 223: .TP ! 224: .B -z ! 225: Arrange for the process to be loaded on ! 226: demand from the resulting executable file (magic number 413) ! 227: rather than preloaded. ! 228: This (default) output format ! 229: has a 1024-byte header followed by ! 230: a text and data segment each of which have size a multiple of 1024 bytes ! 231: (being padded out with zeros if necessary). ! 232: The first few BSS segment symbols may appear in the data segment ! 233: to avoid wasting space at the end of that segment. ! 234: .SH FILES ! 235: .TF /usr/local/lib/lib*.a ! 236: .TP ! 237: .F /lib/lib*.a ! 238: libraries ! 239: .TP ! 240: .F /usr/lib/lib*.a ! 241: more libraries ! 242: .TP ! 243: .F a.out ! 244: output file ! 245: .SH "SEE ALSO" ! 246: .IR as (1), ! 247: .IR ar (1), ! 248: .IR cc (1), ! 249: .IR f77 (1), ! 250: .IR size (1), ! 251: .IR nm (1), ! 252: .IR lorder (1), ! 253: .IR a.out (5) ! 254: .SH BUGS ! 255: There is no way to force data to be page aligned.
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