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Annotation of researchv10dc/man/adm/man1/ls.1, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .TH LS 1
        !             2: .CT 1 files dirs
        !             3: .SH NAME
        !             4: ls, lc \(mi list contents of directory
        !             5: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !             6: .B ls
        !             7: [
        !             8: .B -acdfilrstuFLR
        !             9: ]
        !            10: .I name ...
        !            11: .PP
        !            12: .B lc
        !            13: [
        !            14: .I options
        !            15: ]
        !            16: .I name ...
        !            17: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            18: For each directory argument,
        !            19: .I ls
        !            20: lists the contents of the directory;
        !            21: for each file argument,
        !            22: .I ls
        !            23: repeats its name and any other information requested.
        !            24: The output is sorted alphabetically by default.
        !            25: When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.
        !            26: When several arguments are given,
        !            27: the arguments are first sorted,
        !            28: but file arguments appear
        !            29: before directories and their contents.
        !            30: .PP
        !            31: .I Lc
        !            32: is the same as
        !            33: .I ls,
        !            34: but prints the list in multiple columns.
        !            35: .PP
        !            36: There are an unbelievable number of options:
        !            37: .TP
        !            38: .B  -l
        !            39: List in long format, giving mode (see below), number of links, owner,
        !            40: group,
        !            41: size in bytes, and time of last modification
        !            42: for each file.
        !            43: Symbolic links are identified by a link count marked 
        !            44: .LR L ;
        !            45: the link count is that of the ultimate file.
        !            46: If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain
        !            47: the major and minor device numbers.
        !            48: .TP
        !            49: .B  -d
        !            50: If argument is a directory, list its name, not
        !            51: its contents.
        !            52: .TP
        !            53: .B  -t
        !            54: Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of
        !            55: by name, as is normal.
        !            56: .TP
        !            57: .B -L
        !            58: Under
        !            59: .B -l
        !            60: for each symbolic link
        !            61: give the immediate, not the ultimate, link count
        !            62: and append the name pointed to.
        !            63: .TP
        !            64: .B  -a
        !            65: List all entries; usually
        !            66: .F .
        !            67: and
        !            68: .F ..
        !            69: are suppressed.
        !            70: .TP
        !            71: .B  -c
        !            72: Under
        !            73: .B -t
        !            74: sort by time of inode change;
        !            75: under
        !            76: .B -l
        !            77: print time of inode change.
        !            78: .TP
        !            79: .B  -f
        !            80: Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory
        !            81: and list the name found in each slot.
        !            82: This option turns off
        !            83: .BR -l ", " -t ", " -s ,
        !            84: and
        !            85: .BR -r ,
        !            86: and
        !            87: turns on
        !            88: .BR -a ;
        !            89: the order is the order in which entries
        !            90: appear in the directory.
        !            91: .TP
        !            92: .B  -F
        !            93: Mark directories with a trailing 
        !            94: .L /
        !            95: and executable
        !            96: files with a trailing 
        !            97: .L *
        !            98: .TP
        !            99: .B  -i
        !           100: Print i-number in first column
        !           101: of the report for each file listed.
        !           102: .TP
        !           103: .B  -r
        !           104: Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic
        !           105: or oldest first as appropriate.
        !           106: .TP
        !           107: .B  -R
        !           108: recursively list subdirectories encountered.
        !           109: .TP
        !           110: .B  -s
        !           111: Give size in Kbytes for each entry.
        !           112: .TP
        !           113: .B  -u
        !           114: Under
        !           115: .B -t
        !           116: sort by time of last access;
        !           117: under
        !           118: .B -l
        !           119: print time of last access.
        !           120: .PP
        !           121: The mode printed under the
        !           122: .B -l
        !           123: option contains 11 characters
        !           124: which are interpreted
        !           125: as follows:
        !           126: the first character is
        !           127: .TP
        !           128: .B  d
        !           129: if the entry is a directory;
        !           130: .PD 0
        !           131: .TP
        !           132: .B  b
        !           133: if the entry is a block-type special file;
        !           134: .TP
        !           135: .B  c
        !           136: if the entry is a character-type special file;
        !           137: .TP
        !           138: .B l
        !           139: if the entry is a symbolic link and option
        !           140: .B -L
        !           141: is in effect;
        !           142: .TP
        !           143: .B  -
        !           144: if the entry is a plain file.
        !           145: .PD
        !           146: .PP
        !           147: The next 9 characters are interpreted
        !           148: as three sets of three bits each.
        !           149: The first set refers to owner permissions;
        !           150: the next to permissions to others in the same user-group;
        !           151: and the last to all others.
        !           152: Within each set the three characters indicate
        !           153: permission respectively to read, to write, or to
        !           154: execute the file as a program.
        !           155: For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted
        !           156: to mean permission to search the directory
        !           157: for a specified file.
        !           158: The permissions are indicated as follows:
        !           159: .TP 3
        !           160: .B  r
        !           161: if the file is readable;
        !           162: .PD 0
        !           163: .TP 3
        !           164: .B  w
        !           165: if the file is writable;
        !           166: .TP 3
        !           167: .B  x
        !           168: if the file is executable;
        !           169: .TP 3
        !           170: .B  -
        !           171: if the indicated permission is not granted.
        !           172: .PD
        !           173: .PP
        !           174: The group-execute permission character is given
        !           175: as
        !           176: .B s
        !           177: if the file has set-group-ID mode;
        !           178: likewise the user-execute permission character is given
        !           179: as
        !           180: .B s
        !           181: if the file has set-user-ID mode.
        !           182: .PP
        !           183: The last character of the mode (normally a blank)
        !           184: indicates the type of concurrency control:
        !           185: .TP
        !           186: .B  e
        !           187: if the file is set for exclusive access (1 writer or
        !           188: .I n
        !           189: readers);
        !           190: .PD 0
        !           191: .TP
        !           192: .B  y
        !           193: if the file is set for synchronized access (1 writer and
        !           194: .I n
        !           195: readers);
        !           196: .PD
        !           197: .SH FILES
        !           198: .FR /etc/passwd
        !           199: .br
        !           200: .FR /etc/group
        !           201: .SH SEE ALSO
        !           202: .IR stat (2)
        !           203: .SH BUGS
        !           204: Option
        !           205: .B -s
        !           206: counts unwritten holes as if they were real data.

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