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1.1 root 1: .TH LS 1
2: .CT 1 files dirs
3: .SH NAME
4: ls, lc \(mi list contents of directory
5: .SH SYNOPSIS
6: .B ls
7: [
8: .B -acdfilrstuFLR
9: ]
10: .I name ...
11: .PP
12: .B lc
13: [
14: .I options
15: ]
16: .I name ...
17: .SH DESCRIPTION
18: For each directory argument,
19: .I ls
20: lists the contents of the directory;
21: for each file argument,
22: .I ls
23: repeats its name and any other information requested.
24: The output is sorted alphabetically by default.
25: When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.
26: When several arguments are given,
27: the arguments are first sorted,
28: but file arguments appear
29: before directories and their contents.
30: .PP
31: .I Lc
32: is the same as
33: .I ls,
34: but prints the list in multiple columns.
35: .PP
36: There are an unbelievable number of options:
37: .TP
38: .B -l
39: List in long format, giving mode (see below), number of links, owner,
40: group,
41: size in bytes, and time of last modification
42: for each file.
43: Symbolic links are identified by a link count marked
44: .LR L ;
45: the link count is that of the ultimate file.
46: If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain
47: the major and minor device numbers.
48: .TP
49: .B -d
50: If argument is a directory, list its name, not
51: its contents.
52: .TP
53: .B -t
54: Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of
55: by name, as is normal.
56: .TP
57: .B -L
58: Under
59: .B -l
60: for each symbolic link
61: give the immediate, not the ultimate, link count
62: and append the name pointed to.
63: .TP
64: .B -a
65: List all entries; usually
66: .F .
67: and
68: .F ..
69: are suppressed.
70: .TP
71: .B -c
72: Under
73: .B -t
74: sort by time of inode change;
75: under
76: .B -l
77: print time of inode change.
78: .TP
79: .B -f
80: Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory
81: and list the name found in each slot.
82: This option turns off
83: .BR -l ", " -t ", " -s ,
84: and
85: .BR -r ,
86: and
87: turns on
88: .BR -a ;
89: the order is the order in which entries
90: appear in the directory.
91: .TP
92: .B -F
93: Mark directories with a trailing
94: .L /
95: and executable
96: files with a trailing
97: .L *
98: .TP
99: .B -i
100: Print i-number in first column
101: of the report for each file listed.
102: .TP
103: .B -r
104: Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic
105: or oldest first as appropriate.
106: .TP
107: .B -R
108: recursively list subdirectories encountered.
109: .TP
110: .B -s
111: Give size in Kbytes for each entry.
112: .TP
113: .B -u
114: Under
115: .B -t
116: sort by time of last access;
117: under
118: .B -l
119: print time of last access.
120: .PP
121: The mode printed under the
122: .B -l
123: option contains 11 characters
124: which are interpreted
125: as follows:
126: the first character is
127: .TP
128: .B d
129: if the entry is a directory;
130: .PD 0
131: .TP
132: .B b
133: if the entry is a block-type special file;
134: .TP
135: .B c
136: if the entry is a character-type special file;
137: .TP
138: .B l
139: if the entry is a symbolic link and option
140: .B -L
141: is in effect;
142: .TP
143: .B -
144: if the entry is a plain file.
145: .PD
146: .PP
147: The next 9 characters are interpreted
148: as three sets of three bits each.
149: The first set refers to owner permissions;
150: the next to permissions to others in the same user-group;
151: and the last to all others.
152: Within each set the three characters indicate
153: permission respectively to read, to write, or to
154: execute the file as a program.
155: For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted
156: to mean permission to search the directory
157: for a specified file.
158: The permissions are indicated as follows:
159: .TP 3
160: .B r
161: if the file is readable;
162: .PD 0
163: .TP 3
164: .B w
165: if the file is writable;
166: .TP 3
167: .B x
168: if the file is executable;
169: .TP 3
170: .B -
171: if the indicated permission is not granted.
172: .PD
173: .PP
174: The group-execute permission character is given
175: as
176: .B s
177: if the file has set-group-ID mode;
178: likewise the user-execute permission character is given
179: as
180: .B s
181: if the file has set-user-ID mode.
182: .PP
183: The last character of the mode (normally a blank)
184: indicates the type of concurrency control:
185: .TP
186: .B e
187: if the file is set for exclusive access (1 writer or
188: .I n
189: readers);
190: .PD 0
191: .TP
192: .B y
193: if the file is set for synchronized access (1 writer and
194: .I n
195: readers);
196: .PD
197: .SH FILES
198: .FR /etc/passwd
199: .br
200: .FR /etc/group
201: .SH SEE ALSO
202: .IR stat (2)
203: .SH BUGS
204: Option
205: .B -s
206: counts unwritten holes as if they were real data.
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