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1.1 root 1: .TH MAKE 1
2: .CT 1 prog_c writing_troff prog_other
3: .SH NAME
4: make \(mi maintain collections of programs
5: .SH SYNOPSIS
6: .B make
7: [
8: .B -f
9: .I makefile
10: ]
11: [
12: .I option ...
13: ]
14: [
15: .I name ...
16: ]
17: .SH DESCRIPTION
18: .I Make
19: executes recipes in
20: .I makefile
21: to update the target
22: .IR names
23: (usually programs).
24: If no target is specified, the targets of the first rule in
25: .I makefile
26: are updated.
27: If no
28: .B -f
29: option is present,
30: .L makefile
31: and
32: .L Makefile
33: are tried in order.
34: If
35: .I makefile
36: is
37: .LR - ,
38: the standard input is taken.
39: More than one
40: .B -f
41: option may appear.
42: .PP
43: .I Make
44: updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files
45: that have been modified since the target was last modified,
46: or if the target does not exist.
47: The prerequisites are updated before the target.
48: .PP
49: The makefile
50: comprises a sequence of rules and macro definitions.
51: The first line of a rule is a
52: blank-separated list of targets, then a single or double colon,
53: then a list of prerequisite files terminated by semicolon or newline.
54: Text following a semicolon, and all following lines
55: that begin with a tab, are shell commands:
56: the recipe for updating the target.
57: .PP
58: If a name appears as target in more than one single-colon rule, it depends
59: on all of the prerequisites of those rules, but only
60: one recipe may be specified among the rules.
61: A target in a double-colon rule is updated by the following
62: recipe only if it is out of date with respect to the
63: prerequisites of that rule.
64: .PP
65: Two special forms of name are recognized.
66: A name like
67: .IR a ( b )
68: means the file named
69: .I b
70: stored in the archive named
71: .I a.
72: A name like
73: .IR a (( b ))
74: means the file stored in archive
75: .I a
76: and containing the entry point
77: .I b.
78: .PP
79: Sharp and newline surround comments.
80: .PP
81: In this makefile
82: .L pgm
83: depends on two
84: files
85: .L a.o
86: and
87: .LR b.o ,
88: and they in turn depend on
89: .L .c
90: files and a common file
91: .LR ab.h :
92: .PP
93: .EX
94: pgm: a.o b.o
95: cc a.o b.o -lplot -o pgm
96: .EE
97: .PP
98: .EX
99: a.o: ab.h a.c
100: cc -c a.c
101: .EE
102: .PP
103: .EX
104: b.o: ab.h b.c
105: cc -c b.c
106: .EE
107: .PP
108: Makefile lines of the form
109: .IP
110: .IB "string1 " = " string2"
111: .LP
112: are macro definitions.
113: Subsequent appearances of
114: .BI $( string1 )
115: are replaced by
116: .IR string2 .
117: If
118: .I string1
119: is a single character, the parentheses are optional;
120: .B $$
121: is replaced by
122: .BR $ .
123: Each entry in the environment (see
124: .IR sh (1))
125: of the
126: .I make
127: command is taken as a macro definition,
128: as are command arguments with embedded equal signs.
129: .PP
130: Lines of the form
131: .IB "string1 " := " string2"
132: occurring in a recipe are assignments: macro definitions
133: that are made in the course of executing the recipe.
134: .PP
135: A target containing a single
136: .B %
137: introduces a pattern rule,
138: which controls the making of names that do not occur
139: explicitly as targets.
140: The
141: .B %
142: matches an arbitrary string called the stem:
143: .IB A % B
144: matches any string that begins with
145: .I A
146: and ends with
147: .I B.
148: A
149: .B %
150: in a prerequisite name stands for the stem;
151: and the special macro
152: .B $%
153: stands for the stem in the recipe.
154: A name that has no explicit recipe is
155: matched against the target of each pattern rule.
156: The first pattern rule for which the prerequisites exist
157: specifies
158: further dependencies.
159: .PP
160: The following pattern rule maintains an object library where all the C source files
161: share a common include file
162: .LR defs.h .
163: .PP
164: .EX
165: arch.a(%.o) : %.c defs.h
166: cc -c $%.c
167: ar r arch.a $%.o
168: rm $%.o
169: .EE
170: .PP
171: A set of default pattern rules is built in, and effectively
172: follows the user's list of rules.
173: Assuming these rules,
174: which tell, among other things, how to make
175: .B .o
176: files from
177: .B .c
178: files, the first example becomes:
179: .PP
180: .EX
181: pgm: a.o b.o
182: cc a.o b.o -lplot -o pgm
183: .EE
184: .PP
185: .EX
186: a.o b.o: ab.h
187: .EE
188: .PP
189: Here, greatly simplified, is a sample of the built-in rules:
190: .PP
191: .EX
192: CC = cc
193: %.o: %.c
194: $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $%.c
195: %.o: %.f
196: f77 $(FFLAGS) -c $%.f
197: % : %.c
198: $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $% $%.c
199: .EE
200: .PP
201: The first rule
202: says that a name ending in
203: .B .o
204: could be made
205: if a matching name ending in
206: .B .c
207: were present.
208: The second states a similar rule for files ending in
209: .BR .f .
210: The third says that an arbitrary name can be made
211: by compiling a file with that name suffixed by
212: .BR .c .
213: .PP
214: Macros make the builtin pattern rules flexible:
215: .B CC
216: names the particular C compiler,
217: .B CFLAGS
218: gives
219: .IR cc (1)
220: options,
221: .B FFLAGS
222: for
223: .IR f77 (1),
224: .B LFLAGS
225: for
226: .IR lex (1),
227: .B YFLAGS
228: for
229: .IR yacc (1),
230: and
231: .B PFLAGS
232: for
233: .IR pascal (A).
234: .PP
235: An older, now disparaged, means of specifying default rules
236: is based only on suffixes.
237: Prerequisites are inferred according to selected suffixes
238: listed as the `prerequisites' for the special name
239: .BR .SUFFIXES ;
240: multiple lists accumulate;
241: an empty list clears what came before.
242: .PP
243: The rule to create a file with suffix
244: .I s2
245: that depends on a similarly named file with suffix
246: .I s1
247: is specified as an entry
248: for the `target'
249: .IR s1s2 .
250: Order is significant; the first possible name for which both
251: a file and a rule exist
252: is inferred.
253: An old style rule for making
254: optimized
255: .B .o
256: files from
257: .B .c
258: files is
259: .PP
260: .EX
261: \&.SUFFIXES: .c .o
262: \&.c.o: ; cc -c -O -o $@ $*.c
263: .EE
264: .PP
265: The following two macros are defined for use in any rule:
266: .TP
267: .B $($@)
268: full name of target
269: .PD0
270: .TP
271: .B $($/)
272: target name beginning at the last slash, if any
273: .PD
274: .LP
275: A number of other special macros are defined
276: automatically in rules invoked by one of the implicit mechanisms:
277: .TP
278: .B $*
279: target name with suffix deleted
280: .PD0
281: .TP
282: .B $@
283: full target name
284: .TP
285: .B $<
286: list of prerequisites in an implicit rule
287: .TP
288: .B $?
289: list of prerequisites that are out of date
290: .TP
291: .B $^
292: list of all prerequisites
293: .PD
294: .PP
295: The following are included for consistency with System V:
296: .TP
297: .B $(@D)
298: directory part of
299: .B $@
300: (up to last slash)
301: .PD0
302: .TP
303: .B $(@F)
304: file name part of
305: .B $@
306: (after last slash)
307: .TP
308: .B $(*D)
309: directory part of
310: .B $*
311: (up to last slash)
312: .TP
313: .B $(*F)
314: file name part of
315: .B $*
316: (after last slash)
317: .TP
318: .B $(<D)
319: directory part of
320: .B $<
321: (up to last slash)
322: .TP
323: .B $(<F)
324: file name part of
325: .B $<
326: (after last slash)
327: .PD
328: .PP
329: Recipe lines are executed one at a time, each by its
330: own shell.
331: A line is printed when it is executed unless
332: the special target
333: .B .SILENT
334: is in the makefile,
335: or the first character of the command is
336: .BR @ .
337: .PP
338: Commands that return nonzero status
339: cause
340: .I make
341: to terminate unless
342: the special target
343: .B .IGNORE
344: is in the makefile
345: or the command begins with
346: <tab><hyphen>.
347: .PP
348: Interrupt and quit cause the target to be deleted
349: unless the target depends on the special name
350: .BR .PRECIOUS .
351: .PP
352: .I Make
353: includes a rudimentary parallel processing ability.
354: If the separation string is
355: .B :&
356: or
357: .B ::& ,
358: .I make
359: can run the command sequences to create the prerequisites
360: simultaneously.
361: If two names are separated by an ampersand on the right side
362: of a colon, those two may be created in parallel.
363: .PP
364: Other options:
365: .TP
366: .B -i
367: Equivalent to the special entry
368: .L .IGNORE: .
369: .TP
370: .B -k
371: When a command returns nonzero status,
372: abandon work on the current entry, but
373: continue on branches that do not depend on the current entry.
374: .TP
375: .B -n
376: Trace and print, but do not execute the commands
377: needed to update the targets.
378: .TP
379: .B -t
380: Touch, i.e. update the modified date of targets, without
381: executing any commands.
382: .TP
383: .B -r
384: Turn off built-in rules.
385: .TP
386: .B -s
387: Equivalent to the special entry
388: .BR .SILENT: .
389: .TP
390: .B -e
391: Environment definitions override conflicting definitions in arguments
392: or in makefiles.
393: Ordinary precedence is argument over makefile
394: over environment.
395: .TP
396: .B -o
397: Assume old style default suffix list:
398: .L
399: \&.SUFFIXES: .out .o .c .e .r .f .y .l .s .p
400: .TP
401: .BI -P n
402: Permit
403: .I n
404: command sequences to be done in parallel with
405: .BR & .
406: .TP
407: .B -z
408: Run commands by passing them to the shell;
409: normally simple commands are run directly by
410: .IR exec (2).
411: .SH FILES
412: .F makefile
413: .br
414: .F Makefile
415: .SH "SEE ALSO"
416: .IR sh (1),
417: .I touch
418: in
419: .IR chdate (1),
420: .IR ar (1),
421: .IR mk (1)
422: .SH BUGS
423: Comments can't appear on recipe lines.
424: .br
425: Archive entries are not handled reliably.
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