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Annotation of researchv10dc/man/adm/man8/fsck.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .TH FSCK 8
        !             2: .CT 1 sa_nonmortals
        !             3: .SH NAME
        !             4: fsck \- file system consistency check and interactive repair
        !             5: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !             6: .B /etc/fsck
        !             7: .B -p
        !             8: [
        !             9: .I special ...
        !            10: ]
        !            11: .br
        !            12: .B /etc/fsck
        !            13: [
        !            14: .B -y
        !            15: ]
        !            16: [
        !            17: .B -n
        !            18: ]
        !            19: [
        !            20: .BI -s X
        !            21: ]
        !            22: [
        !            23: .BI -S X
        !            24: ]
        !            25: [
        !            26: .B -t
        !            27: .I filename
        !            28: ] [
        !            29: .I special ...
        !            30: ]
        !            31: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            32: .I Fsck
        !            33: inspects the disk filesystems
        !            34: in the named
        !            35: .I special
        !            36: files
        !            37: and repairs inconsistencies.
        !            38: If no files are named,
        !            39: every file system listed in
        !            40: .IR fstab (5)
        !            41: with type 0
        !            42: and a nonzero pass number
        !            43: is checked.
        !            44: .PP
        !            45: Under option
        !            46: .BR -p ,
        !            47: .I fsck
        !            48: runs without intervention,
        !            49: repairing minor inconsistencies
        !            50: and aborting on major ones.
        !            51: This form is usually called from
        !            52: .IR rc (8).
        !            53: If no special files are named,
        !            54: file systems in
        !            55: .I fstab
        !            56: are checked in parallel passes:
        !            57: all file systems with pass number 1
        !            58: are checked simultaneously,
        !            59: then all file systems with pass number 2,
        !            60: and so on until
        !            61: .I fstab
        !            62: is exhausted.
        !            63: .PP
        !            64: Here are the minor ailments
        !            65: repaired automatically
        !            66: under
        !            67: .BR -p :
        !            68: .RS
        !            69: unreferenced inodes;
        !            70: .br
        !            71: wrong link counts in inodes;
        !            72: .br
        !            73: missing blocks in the free list;
        !            74: .br
        !            75: blocks in the free list also in files; and
        !            76: .br
        !            77: counts wrong in the super-block.
        !            78: .RE
        !            79: .PP
        !            80: Other inconsistencies
        !            81: cause
        !            82: .I fsck
        !            83: to abandon the inconsistent file system,
        !            84: and exit with a nonzero status
        !            85: when the current pass finishes.
        !            86: .PP
        !            87: Without the
        !            88: .B -p
        !            89: option,
        !            90: .I fsck
        !            91: inspects one file system at a time,
        !            92: interactively.
        !            93: Each inconsistency causes
        !            94: .I fsck
        !            95: to print a message
        !            96: and ask permission to fix the problem.
        !            97: The operator may require arcane knowledge
        !            98: to guide
        !            99: .I fsck
        !           100: safely through repair of a badly damaged file system.
        !           101: .PP
        !           102: Here are the remaining options.
        !           103: They are allowed only if
        !           104: .B -p
        !           105: is absent.
        !           106: .TP
        !           107: .B  -y
        !           108: Assume a yes response to all questions.
        !           109: This should be used with great caution.
        !           110: .TP
        !           111: .B  -n
        !           112: Assume a no response to all questions;
        !           113: do not open the file system for writing.
        !           114: This option is assumed if the file system cannot be opened for writing.
        !           115: .TP
        !           116: .BI -s X
        !           117: Ignore the actual free list and (unconditionally) reconstruct a new
        !           118: one by rewriting the super-block of the file system.
        !           119: The file system should be unmounted while this is done; if this
        !           120: is not possible, care should be taken that the system is quiescent
        !           121: and that it is rebooted immediately afterwards.
        !           122: This precaution is necessary so that the old, bad, in-core copy
        !           123: of the superblock will not continue to be used, or written on the file system.
        !           124: If the file system has a bitmap free list (see
        !           125: .IR filsys (5)),
        !           126: the free list is always reconstructed unless the
        !           127: .B -n
        !           128: option is enabled.
        !           129: .IP
        !           130: Parameter
        !           131: .I X
        !           132: allows free-list parameters to be specified:
        !           133: .BI -s blocks-per-cylinder : blocks-to-skip\c
        !           134: \&.
        !           135: If
        !           136: .I X
        !           137: is not given,
        !           138: the values used when the file system was created
        !           139: are used; see
        !           140: .IR mkfs (8).
        !           141: If these values were not specified, 
        !           142: .I X
        !           143: is assumed to be
        !           144: .BR 400:9 .
        !           145: .TP
        !           146: .BI -S X
        !           147: Conditionally reconstruct the free list.
        !           148: This option
        !           149: is like
        !           150: .BI -s X
        !           151: except that the free list is rebuilt only
        !           152: if no discrepancies were found.
        !           153: .B -S
        !           154: implies
        !           155: .BR -n .
        !           156: .TP
        !           157: .B -t
        !           158: If
        !           159: .I fsck
        !           160: cannot obtain enough memory to keep its tables,
        !           161: it uses a scratch file.
        !           162: If the
        !           163: .B -t
        !           164: option is
        !           165: specified, the file named in the next argument
        !           166: is used as the scratch file, if needed.
        !           167: Without
        !           168: .BR -t ,
        !           169: .I fsck
        !           170: will prompt the operator for the name of the
        !           171: scratch file.
        !           172: The file chosen should not be on the
        !           173: file system being checked.
        !           174: If it did not already exist,
        !           175: it is removed when
        !           176: .I fsck
        !           177: completes.
        !           178: .PD
        !           179: .br
        !           180: .ne 6
        !           181: .PP
        !           182: Inconsistencies checked are:
        !           183: .IP
        !           184: .nf
        !           185: Blocks claimed more than once.
        !           186: Blocks designated outside the file system.
        !           187: Incorrect link counts.
        !           188: Directory size not 16-byte aligned.
        !           189: Bad inode format.
        !           190: Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
        !           191: Directory entry pointing to unallocated inode.
        !           192: Inode number out of range.
        !           193: More than 65536 inodes.
        !           194: More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
        !           195: Bad free block list format.
        !           196: Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
        !           197: .fi
        !           198: .PP
        !           199: Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are
        !           200: reconnected by
        !           201: placing them in the directory
        !           202: .F lost+found
        !           203: in the root of the file system being checked.
        !           204: The name assigned is the inode number,
        !           205: prefixed by
        !           206: .LR # .
        !           207: .PP
        !           208: Checking the raw device is almost always faster,
        !           209: but
        !           210: .I fsck
        !           211: distinguishes bitmapped from non-bitmapped file systems
        !           212: by examining the minor device number,
        !           213: so the block device is safer.
        !           214: .SH FILES
        !           215: .F /etc/fstab
        !           216: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           217: .IR fstab (5), 
        !           218: .IR filsys (5), 
        !           219: .IR mkfs (8),
        !           220: .IR reboot (8)
        !           221: .br
        !           222: T. J. Kowalski,
        !           223: `Fsck\(emthe
        !           224: .SM UNIX
        !           225: File System Check Program',
        !           226: this manual, Volume 2
        !           227: .SH BUGS
        !           228: Inode numbers for
        !           229: .B .
        !           230: and
        !           231: .B ..
        !           232: in each directory should be checked for validity.
        !           233: .PP
        !           234: Some systems save core images after a crash
        !           235: in the swap area;
        !           236: on such machines,
        !           237: checking many large file systems in parallel
        !           238: may cause swapping, overwriting the crash dump.
        !           239: It is best just to write crash dumps in a a safer place.
        !           240: If disk space for dumps and swapping is scarce,
        !           241: avoid checking more than three 120-megabyte file systems
        !           242: in parallel on a machine with four megabytes of physical memory.
        !           243: .PP
        !           244: Examining the minor device number is a botch;
        !           245: there should be an explicit flag somewhere.
        !           246: .PP
        !           247: .I Fsck
        !           248: does not have supernatural powers.

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