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Annotation of researchv10dc/man/man1/eqn.1, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .TH EQN 1
        !             2: .CT 1 writing_troff
        !             3: .EQ
        !             4: delim $$
        !             5: .EN
        !             6: .SH NAME
        !             7: eqn, neqn, checkeq \- typeset mathematics
        !             8: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !             9: .B eqn
        !            10: [
        !            11: .I option ...
        !            12: ]
        !            13: [
        !            14: .I file ...
        !            15: ]
        !            16: .PP
        !            17: .B neqn
        !            18: [
        !            19: .I option ...
        !            20: ]
        !            21: [
        !            22: .I file ...
        !            23: ]
        !            24: .PP
        !            25: .B checkeq
        !            26: [
        !            27: .I file ...
        !            28: ]
        !            29: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            30: .I Eqn
        !            31: is a
        !            32: .IR troff (1)
        !            33: preprocessor
        !            34: for typesetting mathematics
        !            35: on a phototypesetter,
        !            36: .I neqn
        !            37: on terminals.
        !            38: Usage is almost always
        !            39: .IP
        !            40: .L
        !            41: eqn file ... | troff
        !            42: .br
        !            43: .L
        !            44: neqn file ... | nroff
        !            45: .PP
        !            46: If no files are specified, 
        !            47: these programs
        !            48: read from the standard input.
        !            49: .I Eqn
        !            50: prepares output for the typesetter 
        !            51: named in the
        !            52: .BI -T dest
        !            53: option (Mergenthaler Linotron 202 default, see
        !            54: .IR troff (1)).
        !            55: When run with other preprocessor filters,
        !            56: .I eqn
        !            57: usually comes last.
        !            58: .PP
        !            59: A line beginning with
        !            60: .B .EQ
        !            61: marks the start of an equation;
        !            62: the end of an equation
        !            63: is marked by a line beginning with
        !            64: .BR .EN .
        !            65: Neither of these lines is altered,
        !            66: so they may be defined in macro packages
        !            67: to get
        !            68: centering, numbering, etc.
        !            69: It is also possible to set two characters
        !            70: as `delimiters';
        !            71: text between delimiters is also
        !            72: .I eqn
        !            73: input.
        !            74: Delimiters may be set to characters
        !            75: .I x
        !            76: and
        !            77: .I y
        !            78: with the option
        !            79: .BI -d xy
        !            80: or (more commonly) with
        !            81: .B delim
        !            82: .I xy
        !            83: between
        !            84: .B .EQ
        !            85: and
        !            86: .BR .EN .
        !            87: Left and right delimiters may be identical.
        !            88: (They are customarily taken to be
        !            89: $font CW "$$" )$.
        !            90: Delimiters are turned off by
        !            91: .LR "delim off" .
        !            92: All text that is neither between delimiters nor between
        !            93: .B .EQ
        !            94: and
        !            95: .B .EN
        !            96: is passed through untouched.
        !            97: .PP
        !            98: .I Checkeq
        !            99: reports missing or unbalanced delimiters and
        !           100: .BR .EQ / .EN
        !           101: pairs.
        !           102: .PP
        !           103: Tokens within
        !           104: .I eqn
        !           105: are separated by
        !           106: spaces, tabs, newlines, braces, double quotes,
        !           107: tildes or circumflexes.
        !           108: Braces {} are used for grouping;
        !           109: generally speaking,
        !           110: anywhere a single character like
        !           111: .L x
        !           112: could appear, a complicated construction
        !           113: enclosed in braces may be used instead.
        !           114: Tilde
        !           115: .L ~
        !           116: represents a full space in the output,
        !           117: circumflex
        !           118: .L ^
        !           119: half as much.
        !           120: .if t .ig
        !           121: .PP
        !           122: WARNING to users of the on-line manual.
        !           123: Unless your terminal understands half-spacing, the
        !           124: examples below will be nearly unreadable.
        !           125: To get a well printed copy execute
        !           126: .BR "man -t eqn | lp" .
        !           127: ..
        !           128: .PP
        !           129: .vs 13p
        !           130: Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
        !           131: .B sub
        !           132: and
        !           133: .B sup.
        !           134: Thus
        !           135: .L "x sub i" 
        !           136: makes
        !           137: $x sub i$, 
        !           138: .L "a sub i sup 2"
        !           139: produces
        !           140: $a sub i sup 2$,
        !           141: and
        !           142: .L "e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2}"
        !           143: gives
        !           144: $e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2}$.
        !           145: .PP
        !           146: Fractions are made with
        !           147: .BR over :
        !           148: .L "a over b"
        !           149: yields $a over b$.
        !           150: .PP
        !           151: .B sqrt
        !           152: makes square roots:
        !           153: .L "1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}"
        !           154: results in
        !           155: $1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}$ .
        !           156: .PP
        !           157: The keywords
        !           158: .B from
        !           159: and
        !           160: .B to
        !           161: introduce lower and upper
        !           162: limits on arbitrary things:
        !           163: $lim from {n -> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i$
        !           164: is made with
        !           165: .L "lim from {n -> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i".
        !           166: .PP
        !           167: Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are made with
        !           168: .B left
        !           169: and
        !           170: .B right:
        !           171: .L "left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right ] ~=~1"
        !           172: produces
        !           173: $left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right ] ~=~1$.
        !           174: The
        !           175: .B right
        !           176: clause is optional.
        !           177: Legal characters after 
        !           178: .B left
        !           179: and
        !           180: .B right
        !           181: are braces, brackets, bars,
        !           182: .B c
        !           183: and
        !           184: .B f
        !           185: for ceiling and floor,
        !           186: and
        !           187: .B
        !           188: ""
        !           189: for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only bracket).
        !           190: .PP
        !           191: Vertical piles of things are made with 
        !           192: .BR pile ,
        !           193: .BR lpile ,
        !           194: .BR cpile ,
        !           195: and
        !           196: .BR rpile :
        !           197: .L "pile {a above b above c}"
        !           198: produces
        !           199: $pile {a above b above c}$.
        !           200: There can be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile.
        !           201: .B lpile
        !           202: left-justifies,
        !           203: .B pile
        !           204: and
        !           205: .B cpile
        !           206: center, with different vertical spacing,
        !           207: and 
        !           208: .B rpile
        !           209: right justifies.
        !           210: .PP
        !           211: Matrices are made with
        !           212: .BR matrix :
        !           213: .L "matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }"
        !           214: produces
        !           215: $matrix { lcol { x sub i above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }$.
        !           216: In addition, there is
        !           217: .B rcol
        !           218: for a right-justified column.
        !           219: .PP
        !           220: .vs 12p
        !           221: Diacritical marks are made with
        !           222: .BR prime ,
        !           223: .BR dot ,
        !           224: .BR dotdot ,
        !           225: .BR hat ,
        !           226: .BR tilde ,
        !           227: .BR bar ,
        !           228: .BR under ,
        !           229: .BR vec ,
        !           230: .BR dyad ,
        !           231: and
        !           232: .BR under :
        !           233: .L "x sub 0 sup prime = f(t) bar + g(t) under"
        !           234: is
        !           235: $x sub 0 sup prime = f(t) bar + g(t) under$,
        !           236: and
        !           237: .L "x vec = y dyad"
        !           238: is
        !           239: $x vec = y dyad$.
        !           240: .PP
        !           241: Sizes and font can be changed with prefix operators
        !           242: .B size 
        !           243: .I n,
        !           244: .B size
        !           245: .BI \(+- n,
        !           246: .BR fat ,
        !           247: .BR roman ,
        !           248: .BR italic ,
        !           249: .BR bold ,
        !           250: or
        !           251: .BR font
        !           252: .I n.
        !           253: Size and fonts can be changed globally in a document by
        !           254: .B gsize
        !           255: .I n
        !           256: and
        !           257: .B gfont
        !           258: .IR n ,
        !           259: or by the command-line arguments
        !           260: .BI -s n
        !           261: and
        !           262: .BI -f n.
        !           263: .PP
        !           264: Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by
        !           265: 3 point sizes from the previous size;
        !           266: this may be changed by the command-line argument
        !           267: .BI -p n.
        !           268: .PP
        !           269: Successive display arguments can be lined up.
        !           270: Place
        !           271: .B mark
        !           272: before the desired lineup point in the first equation;
        !           273: place
        !           274: .B lineup
        !           275: at the place that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations.
        !           276: .PP
        !           277: Shorthands may be defined
        !           278: or existing keywords redefined with
        !           279: .BI define :
        !           280: .L define
        !           281: .I thing
        !           282: .L %
        !           283: .I replacement
        !           284: .L %
        !           285: defines a new token called
        !           286: .I thing
        !           287: which will be replaced by
        !           288: .I replacement
        !           289: whenever it appears thereafter.
        !           290: The 
        !           291: .L %
        !           292: may be any character that does not occur in
        !           293: .L replacement.
        !           294: .PP
        !           295: Keywords like 
        !           296: .L sum
        !           297: .EQ
        !           298: ( sum )
        !           299: .EN
        !           300: .L int
        !           301: .EQ
        !           302: ( int )
        !           303: .EN
        !           304: .L inf
        !           305: .EQ
        !           306: ( inf )
        !           307: .EN
        !           308: and shorthands like
        !           309: .L >=
        !           310: .EQ
        !           311: (>=)
        !           312: .EN
        !           313: .L ->
        !           314: .EQ
        !           315: (->),
        !           316: .EN
        !           317: and
        !           318: .L !=
        !           319: .EQ
        !           320: ( != )
        !           321: .EN
        !           322: are recognized.
        !           323: Greek letters are spelled out in the desired case, as in
        !           324: .L alpha
        !           325: or
        !           326: .LR GAMMA .
        !           327: Mathematical words like
        !           328: .LR sin ,
        !           329: .LR cos ,
        !           330: .L log
        !           331: are made Roman automatically.
        !           332: .IR Troff (1)
        !           333: four-character escapes like
        !           334: .L \e(lh
        !           335: (\(lh) can be used anywhere.
        !           336: Strings enclosed in double quotes
        !           337: .B
        !           338: " "
        !           339: are passed through untouched;
        !           340: this permits keywords to be entered as text,
        !           341: and can be used to communicate
        !           342: with 
        !           343: .I troff
        !           344: when all else fails.
        !           345: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           346: .IR troff (1), 
        !           347: .IR tbl (1), 
        !           348: .IR ms (6), 
        !           349: .IR eqnchar (6), 
        !           350: .IR doctype (1)
        !           351: .br
        !           352: B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry,
        !           353: `Typesetting Mathematics\(emUser's Guide', 
        !           354: this manual, Volume 2
        !           355: .br
        !           356: J. F. Ossanna and B. W. Kernighan,
        !           357: `NROFF/TROFF User's Manual',
        !           358: .I ibid.
        !           359: .SH BUGS
        !           360: To embolden digits, parens, etc.,
        !           361: it is necessary to quote them,
        !           362: as in 
        !           363: .LR bold\ "12.3" .
        !           364: .EQ
        !           365: delim off
        !           366: .EN

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