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1.1 root 1: .de PS \" start picture
2: . \" $1 is height, $2 is width, both in inches
3: .if \\$1>0 .sp .35
4: .ie \\$1>0 .nr $1 \\$1
5: .el .nr $1 0
6: .in (\\n(.lu-\\$2)/2u
7: .ne \\$1
8: ..
9: .de PE \" end of picture
10: .in
11: .if \\n($1>0 .sp .65
12: ..
13: .TH PIC 1
14: .CT 1 writing_troff graphics
15: .SH NAME
16: pic, tpic \(mi troff and tex preprocessors for drawing pictures
17: .SH SYNOPSIS
18: .B pic
19: [
20: .I files
21: ]
22: .PP
23: .B tpic
24: [
25: .I files
26: ]
27: .SH DESCRIPTION
28: .I Pic
29: is a
30: .IR troff (1)
31: preprocessor for drawing figures on a typesetter.
32: .I Pic
33: code is contained between
34: .B .PS
35: and
36: .B .PE
37: lines:
38: .IP
39: .EX
40: \&.PS \f2optional-width\fP \f2optional-height\fP
41: \f2element-list\fP
42: \&.PE
43: .EE
44: If
45: .IR optional-width
46: is present, the picture is made that many inches wide,
47: regardless of any dimensions used internally.
48: The height is scaled in the same proportion unless
49: .IR optional-height
50: is present.
51: If
52: .B .PF
53: is used instead of
54: .BR .PE ,
55: the typesetting position after printing is restored to what it was
56: upon entry.
57: .PP
58: A line of the form
59: .IP
60: .BI .PS < file
61: causes
62: .I pic
63: to treat the the named file as if it stood in place of the
64: .B .PS
65: line.
66: .PP
67: An
68: .IR element-list
69: is a list of elements:
70: .EX
71: \f2primitive attribute-list\fP
72: \f2placename\fP : \f2element\fP
73: \f2placename\fP : \f2position\fP
74: \f2var\fP = \f2expr\fP
75: \f2direction\fP
76: { \f2element-list\fP }
77: [ \f2element-list\fP ]
78: for \f2var\fP = \f2expr\fP to \f2expr\fP by \f2expr\fP do { \f2anything\fP }
79: if \f2expr\fP then { \f2anything\fP } else { \f2anything\fP }
80: copy \f2file,\fP copy thru \f2macro,\fP copy \f2file\fP thru \fPmacro\fP
81: sh { \f2commandline\fP }
82: print \f2expr\fP
83: reset \f2optional var-list\fP
84: \f2troff-command\fP
85: .EE
86: .PP
87: Elements are separated by newlines or semicolons;
88: a long element may be continued by ending the line with a backslash.
89: Comments are introduced by a
90: .BI #
91: and terminated by a newline.
92: Variable names begin with a lower case letter;
93: place names begin with upper case.
94: Place and variable names retain their values
95: from one picture to the next.
96: .PP
97: After each primitive
98: the current position moves in the current direction
99: .RB ( up , down ,
100: .BR left , right
101: (default)) by the size of the primitive.
102: The current position and direction are saved upon entry
103: to a
104: .BR { ... }
105: block and restored upon exit.
106: Elements within a block enclosed in
107: .BR [ ... ]
108: are treated as a unit;
109: the dimensions are determined by the extreme points
110: of the contained objects.
111: Names, variables, and direction of motion within a block are local to that block.
112: .PP
113: .IR troff-command
114: is any line that begins with a period.
115: Such a line is assumed to make sense in the context where it appears;
116: generally, this means only size and font changes.
117: Changes to vertical spacing will produce broken pictures.
118: .PP
119: The
120: .I primitive
121: objects are:
122: .br
123: .EX
124: box circle ellipse arc line arrow spline move \f2text-list\fP
125: .EE
126: .L arrow
127: is a synonym for
128: .LR "line ->" .
129: .PP
130: An
131: .IR attribute-list
132: is a sequence of zero or more attributes;
133: each attribute consists of a keyword, perhaps followed by a value.
134: .EX
135: .ta .5i 2.5i
136: h(eigh)t \f2expr\fP wid(th) \f2expr\fP
137: rad(ius) \f2expr\fP diam(eter) \f2expr\fP
138: up \f2opt-expr\fP down \f2opt-expr\fP
139: right \f2opt-expr\fP left \f2opt-expr\fP
140: from \f2position\fP to \f2position\fP
141: at \f2position\fP with \f2corner\fP
142: by \f2expr, expr\fP then
143: dotted \f2opt-expr\fP dashed \f2opt-expr\fP
144: chop \f2opt-expr\fP -> <- <->
145: invis same
146: \f2text-list\fP \f2expr\fP
147: .EE
148: Missing attributes and values are filled in from defaults.
149: Not all attributes make sense for all primitives;
150: irrelevant ones are silently ignored.
151: The attribute
152: .L at
153: causes the geometrical center to be put at the specified place;
154: .L with
155: causes the position on the object to be put at the specified place.
156: For lines, splines and arcs,
157: .L height
158: and
159: .L width
160: refer to arrowhead size.
161: A bare
162: .I expr
163: implies motion in the current direction.
164: .PP
165: Text is normally an attribute of some primitive;
166: by default it is placed at the geometrical center of the object.
167: Stand-alone text is also permitted.
168: A text list
169: is a list of text items:
170: .EX
171: \f2 text-item\fP:
172: "..." \f2positioning ...\fP
173: sprintf("\f2format\fP", \f2expr\fP, \f2...\fP) \f2positioning ...\fP
174: \f2 positioning\fP:
175: center ljust rjust above below
176: .EE
177: If there are multiple text items for some primitive,
178: they are arranged vertically and centered except as qualified.
179: Positioning requests apply to each item independently.
180: Text items may contain in-line
181: .I troff
182: commands for size and font changes, local motions, etc.,
183: but make sure that these are balanced
184: so that the entering state is restored before exiting.
185: .PP
186: A position is ultimately an
187: .I x,y
188: coordinate pair, but it may be specified in other ways.
189: .EX
190: \f2 position\fP:
191: \f2expr, expr\fP
192: \f2place\fP \(+- \f2expr, expr\fP
193: \f2place\fP \(+- ( \f2expr, expr\fP )
194: ( \f2position\fP,\f2 position\fP ) \f2x\fP\fR from one, \f2y\fP\fR the other\fP
195: \f2expr\fP [\f2of the way\fP] between \f2position\fP and \f2position\fP
196: \f2expr\fP < \f2position\fP , \f2position\fP >
197: ( \f2position\fP )
198: .EE
199: .PP
200: .EX
201: \f2 place\fP:
202: \f2placename\fP \f2optional-corner\fP
203: \f2corner\fP of \f2placename\fP
204: \f2nth\fP \f2primitive\fP \f2optional-corner\fP
205: \f2corner\fP of \f2nth\fP \f2primitive\fP
206: Here
207: .EE
208: An
209: .IR optional-corner
210: is one of the eight compass points
211: or the center or the start or end of a primitive.
212: .EX
213: \f2 optional-corner\fP:
214: .n .e .w .s .ne .se .nw .sw .c .start .end
215: \f2 corner\fP:
216: top bot left right start end
217: .EE
218: Each object in a picture has an ordinal number;
219: .IR nth
220: refers to this.
221: .EX
222: \f2 nth\fP:
223: \f2n\fPth\f2, n\fPth last
224: .EE
225: .PP
226: The built-in variables and their default values are:
227: .EX
228: .ta .5i 2.5i
229: boxwid = 0.75 boxht = 0.5
230: circlerad = 0.25 arcrad = 0.25
231: ellipsewid = 0.75 ellipseht = 0.5
232: linewid = 0.5 lineht = 0.5
233: movewid = 0.5 moveht = 0.5
234: textwid = 0 textht = 0
235: arrowwid = 0.05 arrowht = 0.1
236: dashwid = 0.1 arrowhead = 2
237: scale = 1
238: .EE
239: These may be changed at any time,
240: and the new values remain in force from picture to picture until changed again
241: or reset by a
242: .L reset
243: statement.
244: Variables changed within
245: .B [
246: and
247: .B ]
248: revert to their previous value upon exit from the block.
249: Dimensions are divided by
250: .B scale
251: during output.
252: .PP
253: Expressions in
254: .I pic
255: are evaluated in floating point.
256: All numbers representing dimensions are taken to be in inches.
257: .EX
258: \f2 expr\fP:
259: \f2expr\fP \f2op\fP \f2expr\fP
260: - \f2expr\fP
261: ! \f2expr\fP
262: ( \f2expr\fP )
263: variable
264: number
265: \f2place\fP .x \f2place\fP .y \f2place\fP .ht \f2place\fP .wid \f2place\fP .rad
266: sin(\f2expr\fP) cos(\f2expr\fP) atan2(\f2expr,expr\fP) log(\f2expr\fP) exp(\f2expr\fP)
267: sqrt(\f2expr\fP) max(\f2expr,expr\fP) min(\f2expr,expr\fP) int(\f2expr\fP) rand()
268: \f2 op\fP:
269: + - * / % < <= > >= == != && ||
270: .EE
271: .PP
272: The
273: .B define
274: and
275: .B undef
276: statements are not part of the grammar.
277: .EX
278: define \f2name\fP { \f2replacement text\fP }
279: undef \f2name\fP
280: .EE
281: Occurrences of
282: .BR $1 ,
283: .BR $2 ,
284: etc.,
285: in the replacement text
286: will be replaced by the corresponding arguments if
287: .I name
288: is invoked as
289: .EX
290: \f2name\fP(\f2arg1\fP, \f2arg2\fP, ...)
291: .EE
292: Non-existent arguments are replaced by null strings.
293: Replacement text
294: may contain newlines.
295: The
296: .B undef
297: statement removes the definition of a macro.
298: .PP
299: .I Tpic
300: is a
301: .IR tex (1)
302: preprocessor that accepts
303: .IR pic
304: language.
305: It produces Tex commands that define a box called
306: .BR \egraph ,
307: which contains the picture.
308: The box may be output this way:
309: .IP
310: .L
311: \ecenterline{\ebox\egraph}
312: .SH EXAMPLES
313: .EX
314: arrow "input" above; box "process"; arrow "output" above
315: move
316: A: ellipse
317: circle rad .1 with .w at A.e
318: circle rad .05 at 0.5 <A.c, A.ne>
319: arc from A.c to A.se rad 0.5
320: .EE
321: .PP
322: .PS
323: arrow "input" above; box "process"; arrow "output" above
324: move
325: A: ellipse
326: circle rad .1 with .w at A.e
327: circle rad .05 at 0.5 <A.c, A.ne>
328: arc from A.c to A.se rad 0.5
329: .PE
330: .SH "SEE ALSO"
331: .IR cip (9.1),
332: .IR ideal (1),
333: .IR ped (9.1),
334: .IR grap (1),
335: .IR dag (1),
336: .IR doctype (1),
337: .IR troff (1)
338: .br
339: B. W. Kernighan,
340: `PIC\(ema Graphics Language for Typesetting',
341: this manual, Volume 2
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