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1.1     ! root        1: .TH SED 1
        !             2: .CT 1 files editor
        !             3: .SH NAME
        !             4: sed \- stream editor
        !             5: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !             6: .B sed
        !             7: [
        !             8: .B -n 
        !             9: ]
        !            10: .I script
        !            11: [
        !            12: .I file ...
        !            13: ]
        !            14: .PP
        !            15: .B sed
        !            16: [
        !            17: .B -e
        !            18: .I script
        !            19: ]
        !            20: [
        !            21: .B -f
        !            22: .I sfile
        !            23: ]
        !            24: [
        !            25: .I file ...
        !            26: ]
        !            27: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            28: .I Sed
        !            29: copies the named
        !            30: .I files
        !            31: (standard input default) to the standard output,
        !            32: edited according to a command script.
        !            33: Script options accumulate.
        !            34: .TP
        !            35: .BI -e " script
        !            36: Script is given literally in command line.
        !            37: .TP
        !            38: .BI -f " sfile
        !            39: Script is given in file
        !            40: .I sfile.
        !            41: .TP
        !            42: .B -n
        !            43: Suppress the default output.
        !            44: .PP
        !            45: A script consists of editing commands, usually one per line.
        !            46: If a command ends with 
        !            47: .LR ; ,
        !            48: .LR { ,
        !            49: or
        !            50: .LR } ,
        !            51: the next command begins immediately thereafter.
        !            52: Empty commands are ignored.
        !            53: Commands have the form
        !            54: .IP
        !            55: [\fIaddress\fR [\f5,\fI address\fR] ] \fIfunction\fR [\fIargument\fR ...] [\fB;\fR]
        !            56: .PP
        !            57: In normal operation
        !            58: .I sed
        !            59: cyclically copies a line of input into a
        !            60: .I pattern space
        !            61: (unless there is something left after
        !            62: a 
        !            63: .L D
        !            64: command),
        !            65: applies in sequence
        !            66: all commands whose
        !            67: .I addresses
        !            68: select that pattern space,
        !            69: and at the end of the script copies the pattern space
        !            70: to the standard output (except under
        !            71: .BR -n )
        !            72: and deletes the pattern space.
        !            73: .PP
        !            74: An
        !            75: .I address
        !            76: is either a decimal number that counts
        !            77: input lines cumulatively across files, a 
        !            78: .L $
        !            79: that
        !            80: addresses the last line of input, or a context address,
        !            81: .BI / regular-expression / ,
        !            82: in the style of
        !            83: .IR ed (1),
        !            84: with the added convention that
        !            85: .L \en
        !            86: matches a
        !            87: newline embedded in the pattern space.
        !            88: .PP
        !            89: A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.
        !            90: .PP
        !            91: A command line with
        !            92: one address selects each pattern space that matches the address.
        !            93: (Address
        !            94: .L 0
        !            95: is never matched.)
        !            96: .PP
        !            97: A command line with
        !            98: two addresses selects the inclusive range from the first
        !            99: pattern space that matches the first address through
        !           100: the next pattern space that matches
        !           101: the second.
        !           102: (If the second address is a number less than or equal
        !           103: to the line number first selected, only one
        !           104: line is selected.)
        !           105: Thereafter the process is repeated, looking again for the
        !           106: first address.
        !           107: .PP
        !           108: Editing commands can be applied to non-selected pattern
        !           109: spaces by use of the negation function 
        !           110: .L !
        !           111: (below).
        !           112: .PP
        !           113: In the following list of functions the
        !           114: maximum number of permissible addresses
        !           115: for each function is indicated in parentheses.
        !           116: .PP
        !           117: A
        !           118: .I text
        !           119: argument consists of one or more lines,
        !           120: all but the last of which end with 
        !           121: .L \e
        !           122: to hide the
        !           123: newline.
        !           124: Backslashes in text are treated like backslashes
        !           125: in the replacement string of an 
        !           126: .L s
        !           127: command,
        !           128: and may be used to protect initial blanks and tabs
        !           129: against the stripping that is done on
        !           130: every script line.
        !           131: .PP
        !           132: An
        !           133: .I rfile
        !           134: or
        !           135: .I wfile
        !           136: argument must terminate the command
        !           137: line and must be preceded by exactly one blank.
        !           138: Each
        !           139: .I wfile
        !           140: is created before processing begins.
        !           141: There can be at most 120 distinct
        !           142: .I wfile
        !           143: arguments.
        !           144: .TP
        !           145: .RB (1) \|a\e
        !           146: .br
        !           147: .ns
        !           148: .TP
        !           149: .I text
        !           150: Append.
        !           151: Place
        !           152: .I text
        !           153: on the output before
        !           154: reading the next input line.
        !           155: .HP
        !           156: .RB (2) \|b
        !           157: .I label
        !           158: .br
        !           159: Branch to the 
        !           160: .B :
        !           161: command bearing the
        !           162: .I label.
        !           163: If
        !           164: .I label
        !           165: is empty, branch to the end of the script.
        !           166: .TP
        !           167: .RB (2) \|c\e
        !           168: .br
        !           169: .ns
        !           170: .TP
        !           171: .I text
        !           172: Change.
        !           173: Delete the pattern space.
        !           174: With 0 or 1 address or at the end of a 2-address range, place
        !           175: .I text
        !           176: on the output.
        !           177: Start the next cycle.
        !           178: .TP
        !           179: .RB (2) \|d
        !           180: Delete the pattern space.
        !           181: Start the next cycle.
        !           182: .TP
        !           183: .RB (2) \|D
        !           184: Delete the initial segment of the
        !           185: pattern space through the first newline.
        !           186: Start the next cycle.
        !           187: .TP
        !           188: .RB (2) \|g
        !           189: Replace the contents of the pattern space
        !           190: by the contents of the hold space.
        !           191: .TP
        !           192: .RB (2) \|G
        !           193: Append the contents of the hold space to the pattern space.
        !           194: .TP
        !           195: .RB (2) \|h
        !           196: Replace the contents of the hold space by the contents of the pattern space.
        !           197: .TP
        !           198: .RB (2) \|H
        !           199: Append the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.
        !           200: .TP
        !           201: .RB (1) \|i\e
        !           202: .br
        !           203: .ns
        !           204: .TP
        !           205: .I text
        !           206: Insert.
        !           207: Place
        !           208: .I text
        !           209: on the standard output.
        !           210: .TP
        !           211: .RB (2) \|l
        !           212: Literal.  
        !           213: Place an unambiguous image of the pattern
        !           214: space on the standard output,
        !           215: using C escape sequences.
        !           216: Break long lines, indicating the breakpoint by
        !           217: a single backslash.
        !           218: Append
        !           219: .B \en
        !           220: if pattern space ends with space or newline.
        !           221: .TP
        !           222: .RB (2) \|n
        !           223: Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
        !           224: Replace the pattern space with the next line of input.
        !           225: .TP
        !           226: .RB (2) \|N
        !           227: Append the next line of input to the pattern space
        !           228: with an embedded newline.
        !           229: (The current line number changes.)
        !           230: .TP
        !           231: .RB (2) \|p
        !           232: Print.
        !           233: Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
        !           234: .TP
        !           235: .RB (2) \|P
        !           236: Copy the initial segment of the pattern space through
        !           237: the first newline to the standard output.
        !           238: .TP
        !           239: .RB (1) \|q
        !           240: Quit.
        !           241: Branch to the end of the script.
        !           242: Do not start a new cycle.
        !           243: .HP
        !           244: .RB (2) \|r 
        !           245: .I rfile
        !           246: .br
        !           247: Read the contents of
        !           248: .IR rfile .
        !           249: Place them on the output before reading
        !           250: the next input line.
        !           251: .TP
        !           252: .RB (2) \|s/\fIregular-expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/\fIflags
        !           253: Substitute the
        !           254: .I replacement
        !           255: string for instances of the
        !           256: .I regular-expression
        !           257: in the pattern space.
        !           258: Any character may be used instead of 
        !           259: .LR / .
        !           260: For a fuller description see
        !           261: .IR ed (1);
        !           262: although unlike
        !           263: .I ed ,
        !           264: the trailing
        !           265: .B /
        !           266: .I must
        !           267: be supplied.
        !           268: .I Flags
        !           269: is zero or more of
        !           270: .RS
        !           271: .TP
        !           272: .B g
        !           273: Global.
        !           274: Substitute for all non-overlapping instances of the
        !           275: .I regular expression
        !           276: rather than just the
        !           277: first one.
        !           278: .TP
        !           279: .B p
        !           280: Print the pattern space if a replacement was made.
        !           281: .TP
        !           282: .BI w " wfile"
        !           283: Write.
        !           284: Append the pattern space to
        !           285: .I wfile
        !           286: if a replacement
        !           287: was made.
        !           288: .RE
        !           289: .HP
        !           290: .RB (2) \|t
        !           291: .I label
        !           292: .br
        !           293: Test.
        !           294: Branch to the 
        !           295: .L :
        !           296: command bearing the
        !           297: .I label
        !           298: if any
        !           299: substitutions have been made since the most recent
        !           300: reading of an input line or execution of a 
        !           301: .LR t .
        !           302: If
        !           303: .I label
        !           304: is empty, branch to the end of the script.
        !           305: .TP
        !           306: .RB (2) \|w
        !           307: .I wfile
        !           308: .br
        !           309: Write.
        !           310: Append the pattern space to
        !           311: .I wfile.
        !           312: .TP
        !           313: .RB (2) \|x
        !           314: Exchange the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.
        !           315: .TP
        !           316: .RB (2) \|y/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/
        !           317: Transform.
        !           318: Replace all occurrences of characters in
        !           319: .I string1
        !           320: with the corresponding character in
        !           321: .I string2.
        !           322: The lengths of
        !           323: .I
        !           324: string1
        !           325: and
        !           326: .I string2
        !           327: must be equal.
        !           328: .HP
        !           329: .RB (2) !
        !           330: .I function
        !           331: .br
        !           332: Don't.
        !           333: Apply the
        !           334: .I function
        !           335: (or group, if
        !           336: .I function
        !           337: is 
        !           338: .LR { )
        !           339: only to lines
        !           340: .I not
        !           341: selected by the address(es).
        !           342: .HP
        !           343: .RB (0) #
        !           344: Comment.  Ignore the rest of the line.
        !           345: .HP
        !           346: .RB (0) \|:
        !           347: .I label
        !           348: .br
        !           349: This command does nothing; it bears a
        !           350: .I label
        !           351: for 
        !           352: .B b
        !           353: and 
        !           354: .B t
        !           355: commands to branch to.
        !           356: .TP
        !           357: .RB (1) \|=
        !           358: Place the current line number on the standard output as a line.
        !           359: .TP
        !           360: .RB (2) \|{
        !           361: Execute the following commands through a matching 
        !           362: .L }
        !           363: only when the pattern space is selected.
        !           364: .TP
        !           365: .RB (0) \|
        !           366: An empty command is ignored.
        !           367: .ne 4
        !           368: .SH EXAMPLES
        !           369: .TP
        !           370: .B sed 10q file
        !           371: Print the first 10 lines of the file.
        !           372: .TP
        !           373: .B sed '/^$/d'
        !           374: Delete empty lines from standard input.
        !           375: .TP
        !           376: .B sed 's/UNIX/& system/g'
        !           377: Replace every instance of 
        !           378: .L UNIX
        !           379: by
        !           380: .LR "UNIX system" .
        !           381: .PP
        !           382: .EX
        !           383: sed 's/ *$//   \fRdrop trailing blanks\fP
        !           384: /^$/d                  \fRdrop empty lines\fP
        !           385: s/  */\e               \fRreplace blanks by newlines\fP
        !           386: /g
        !           387: /^$/d' chapter*
        !           388: .EE
        !           389: .ns
        !           390: .IP
        !           391: Print the files 
        !           392: .BR chapter1 ,
        !           393: .BR chapter2 ,
        !           394: etc. one word to a line.
        !           395: .PP
        !           396: .EX
        !           397: nroff -ms manuscript | sed '
        !           398: ${
        !           399:        /^$/p           \fRif last line of file is empty, print it\fP
        !           400: }
        !           401: //N                    \fRif current line is empty, append next line\fP
        !           402: /^\en$/D'              \fRif two lines are empty, delete the first\fP
        !           403: .EE
        !           404: .ns
        !           405: .IP
        !           406: Delete all but one of each group of empty lines from a
        !           407: formatted manuscript.
        !           408: .PP
        !           409: .EX
        !           410: ls /usr/* | sed '
        !           411: /^$/d                  \fRdelete empty lines\fP
        !           412: /^[/].*:$/{            \fRlook for lines like \fP/usr/lem:
        !           413:        s/:$/\e//       \fRreplace \fP:\fR by \fP/
        !           414:        h               \fRhold directory name\fP
        !           415:        d               \fRdon't print; get next line\fP
        !           416: }
        !           417: G                      \fRappend held directory name\fP
        !           418: s/\e(.*\e)\en\e(.*\e)/\e2\e1/' \fRexchange file and directory\fP
        !           419: .EE
        !           420: .ns
        !           421: .IP
        !           422: List all files in user directories, as
        !           423: .B ls -d /usr/*/* 
        !           424: would do if it didn't cause argument list overflow.
        !           425: .SH SEE ALSO
        !           426: .IR ed (1), 
        !           427: .IR gre (1), 
        !           428: .IR awk (1), 
        !           429: .IR lex (1), 
        !           430: .IR cut (1), 
        !           431: .IR split (1), 
        !           432: .IR sam (9.1)
        !           433: .br
        !           434: L. E. McMahon,
        !           435: `SED \(em A Non-interactive Text Editor',
        !           436: this manual, Volume 2.
        !           437: .SH BUGS
        !           438: If input is from a pipe, buffering may consume
        !           439: characters beyond a line on which a 
        !           440: .L q
        !           441: command is executed.

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