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1.1 root 1: .TH SED 1
2: .CT 1 files editor
3: .SH NAME
4: sed \- stream editor
5: .SH SYNOPSIS
6: .B sed
7: [
8: .B -n
9: ]
10: .I script
11: [
12: .I file ...
13: ]
14: .PP
15: .B sed
16: [
17: .B -e
18: .I script
19: ]
20: [
21: .B -f
22: .I sfile
23: ]
24: [
25: .I file ...
26: ]
27: .SH DESCRIPTION
28: .I Sed
29: copies the named
30: .I files
31: (standard input default) to the standard output,
32: edited according to a command script.
33: Script options accumulate.
34: .TP
35: .BI -e " script
36: Script is given literally in command line.
37: .TP
38: .BI -f " sfile
39: Script is given in file
40: .I sfile.
41: .TP
42: .B -n
43: Suppress the default output.
44: .PP
45: A script consists of editing commands, usually one per line.
46: If a command ends with
47: .LR ; ,
48: .LR { ,
49: or
50: .LR } ,
51: the next command begins immediately thereafter.
52: Empty commands are ignored.
53: Commands have the form
54: .IP
55: [\fIaddress\fR [\f5,\fI address\fR] ] \fIfunction\fR [\fIargument\fR ...] [\fB;\fR]
56: .PP
57: In normal operation
58: .I sed
59: cyclically copies a line of input into a
60: .I pattern space
61: (unless there is something left after
62: a
63: .L D
64: command),
65: applies in sequence
66: all commands whose
67: .I addresses
68: select that pattern space,
69: and at the end of the script copies the pattern space
70: to the standard output (except under
71: .BR -n )
72: and deletes the pattern space.
73: .PP
74: An
75: .I address
76: is either a decimal number that counts
77: input lines cumulatively across files, a
78: .L $
79: that
80: addresses the last line of input, or a context address,
81: .BI / regular-expression / ,
82: in the style of
83: .IR ed (1),
84: with the added convention that
85: .L \en
86: matches a
87: newline embedded in the pattern space.
88: .PP
89: A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.
90: .PP
91: A command line with
92: one address selects each pattern space that matches the address.
93: (Address
94: .L 0
95: is never matched.)
96: .PP
97: A command line with
98: two addresses selects the inclusive range from the first
99: pattern space that matches the first address through
100: the next pattern space that matches
101: the second.
102: (If the second address is a number less than or equal
103: to the line number first selected, only one
104: line is selected.)
105: Thereafter the process is repeated, looking again for the
106: first address.
107: .PP
108: Editing commands can be applied to non-selected pattern
109: spaces by use of the negation function
110: .L !
111: (below).
112: .PP
113: In the following list of functions the
114: maximum number of permissible addresses
115: for each function is indicated in parentheses.
116: .PP
117: A
118: .I text
119: argument consists of one or more lines,
120: all but the last of which end with
121: .L \e
122: to hide the
123: newline.
124: Backslashes in text are treated like backslashes
125: in the replacement string of an
126: .L s
127: command,
128: and may be used to protect initial blanks and tabs
129: against the stripping that is done on
130: every script line.
131: .PP
132: An
133: .I rfile
134: or
135: .I wfile
136: argument must terminate the command
137: line and must be preceded by exactly one blank.
138: Each
139: .I wfile
140: is created before processing begins.
141: There can be at most 120 distinct
142: .I wfile
143: arguments.
144: .TP
145: .RB (1) \|a\e
146: .br
147: .ns
148: .TP
149: .I text
150: Append.
151: Place
152: .I text
153: on the output before
154: reading the next input line.
155: .HP
156: .RB (2) \|b
157: .I label
158: .br
159: Branch to the
160: .B :
161: command bearing the
162: .I label.
163: If
164: .I label
165: is empty, branch to the end of the script.
166: .TP
167: .RB (2) \|c\e
168: .br
169: .ns
170: .TP
171: .I text
172: Change.
173: Delete the pattern space.
174: With 0 or 1 address or at the end of a 2-address range, place
175: .I text
176: on the output.
177: Start the next cycle.
178: .TP
179: .RB (2) \|d
180: Delete the pattern space.
181: Start the next cycle.
182: .TP
183: .RB (2) \|D
184: Delete the initial segment of the
185: pattern space through the first newline.
186: Start the next cycle.
187: .TP
188: .RB (2) \|g
189: Replace the contents of the pattern space
190: by the contents of the hold space.
191: .TP
192: .RB (2) \|G
193: Append the contents of the hold space to the pattern space.
194: .TP
195: .RB (2) \|h
196: Replace the contents of the hold space by the contents of the pattern space.
197: .TP
198: .RB (2) \|H
199: Append the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.
200: .TP
201: .RB (1) \|i\e
202: .br
203: .ns
204: .TP
205: .I text
206: Insert.
207: Place
208: .I text
209: on the standard output.
210: .TP
211: .RB (2) \|l
212: Literal.
213: Place an unambiguous image of the pattern
214: space on the standard output,
215: using C escape sequences.
216: Break long lines, indicating the breakpoint by
217: a single backslash.
218: Append
219: .B \en
220: if pattern space ends with space or newline.
221: .TP
222: .RB (2) \|n
223: Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
224: Replace the pattern space with the next line of input.
225: .TP
226: .RB (2) \|N
227: Append the next line of input to the pattern space
228: with an embedded newline.
229: (The current line number changes.)
230: .TP
231: .RB (2) \|p
232: Print.
233: Copy the pattern space to the standard output.
234: .TP
235: .RB (2) \|P
236: Copy the initial segment of the pattern space through
237: the first newline to the standard output.
238: .TP
239: .RB (1) \|q
240: Quit.
241: Branch to the end of the script.
242: Do not start a new cycle.
243: .HP
244: .RB (2) \|r
245: .I rfile
246: .br
247: Read the contents of
248: .IR rfile .
249: Place them on the output before reading
250: the next input line.
251: .TP
252: .RB (2) \|s/\fIregular-expression\fP/\fIreplacement\fP/\fIflags
253: Substitute the
254: .I replacement
255: string for instances of the
256: .I regular-expression
257: in the pattern space.
258: Any character may be used instead of
259: .LR / .
260: For a fuller description see
261: .IR ed (1);
262: although unlike
263: .I ed ,
264: the trailing
265: .B /
266: .I must
267: be supplied.
268: .I Flags
269: is zero or more of
270: .RS
271: .TP
272: .B g
273: Global.
274: Substitute for all non-overlapping instances of the
275: .I regular expression
276: rather than just the
277: first one.
278: .TP
279: .B p
280: Print the pattern space if a replacement was made.
281: .TP
282: .BI w " wfile"
283: Write.
284: Append the pattern space to
285: .I wfile
286: if a replacement
287: was made.
288: .RE
289: .HP
290: .RB (2) \|t
291: .I label
292: .br
293: Test.
294: Branch to the
295: .L :
296: command bearing the
297: .I label
298: if any
299: substitutions have been made since the most recent
300: reading of an input line or execution of a
301: .LR t .
302: If
303: .I label
304: is empty, branch to the end of the script.
305: .TP
306: .RB (2) \|w
307: .I wfile
308: .br
309: Write.
310: Append the pattern space to
311: .I wfile.
312: .TP
313: .RB (2) \|x
314: Exchange the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.
315: .TP
316: .RB (2) \|y/\fIstring1\fP/\fIstring2\fP/
317: Transform.
318: Replace all occurrences of characters in
319: .I string1
320: with the corresponding character in
321: .I string2.
322: The lengths of
323: .I
324: string1
325: and
326: .I string2
327: must be equal.
328: .HP
329: .RB (2) !
330: .I function
331: .br
332: Don't.
333: Apply the
334: .I function
335: (or group, if
336: .I function
337: is
338: .LR { )
339: only to lines
340: .I not
341: selected by the address(es).
342: .HP
343: .RB (0) #
344: Comment. Ignore the rest of the line.
345: .HP
346: .RB (0) \|:
347: .I label
348: .br
349: This command does nothing; it bears a
350: .I label
351: for
352: .B b
353: and
354: .B t
355: commands to branch to.
356: .TP
357: .RB (1) \|=
358: Place the current line number on the standard output as a line.
359: .TP
360: .RB (2) \|{
361: Execute the following commands through a matching
362: .L }
363: only when the pattern space is selected.
364: .TP
365: .RB (0) \|
366: An empty command is ignored.
367: .ne 4
368: .SH EXAMPLES
369: .TP
370: .B sed 10q file
371: Print the first 10 lines of the file.
372: .TP
373: .B sed '/^$/d'
374: Delete empty lines from standard input.
375: .TP
376: .B sed 's/UNIX/& system/g'
377: Replace every instance of
378: .L UNIX
379: by
380: .LR "UNIX system" .
381: .PP
382: .EX
383: sed 's/ *$// \fRdrop trailing blanks\fP
384: /^$/d \fRdrop empty lines\fP
385: s/ */\e \fRreplace blanks by newlines\fP
386: /g
387: /^$/d' chapter*
388: .EE
389: .ns
390: .IP
391: Print the files
392: .BR chapter1 ,
393: .BR chapter2 ,
394: etc. one word to a line.
395: .PP
396: .EX
397: nroff -ms manuscript | sed '
398: ${
399: /^$/p \fRif last line of file is empty, print it\fP
400: }
401: //N \fRif current line is empty, append next line\fP
402: /^\en$/D' \fRif two lines are empty, delete the first\fP
403: .EE
404: .ns
405: .IP
406: Delete all but one of each group of empty lines from a
407: formatted manuscript.
408: .PP
409: .EX
410: ls /usr/* | sed '
411: /^$/d \fRdelete empty lines\fP
412: /^[/].*:$/{ \fRlook for lines like \fP/usr/lem:
413: s/:$/\e// \fRreplace \fP:\fR by \fP/
414: h \fRhold directory name\fP
415: d \fRdon't print; get next line\fP
416: }
417: G \fRappend held directory name\fP
418: s/\e(.*\e)\en\e(.*\e)/\e2\e1/' \fRexchange file and directory\fP
419: .EE
420: .ns
421: .IP
422: List all files in user directories, as
423: .B ls -d /usr/*/*
424: would do if it didn't cause argument list overflow.
425: .SH SEE ALSO
426: .IR ed (1),
427: .IR gre (1),
428: .IR awk (1),
429: .IR lex (1),
430: .IR cut (1),
431: .IR split (1),
432: .IR sam (9.1)
433: .br
434: L. E. McMahon,
435: `SED \(em A Non-interactive Text Editor',
436: this manual, Volume 2.
437: .SH BUGS
438: If input is from a pipe, buffering may consume
439: characters beyond a line on which a
440: .L q
441: command is executed.
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