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Annotation of researchv10dc/man/man7/map.7, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .TH MAP 7
        !             2: .CT 1 inst_info
        !             3: .SH NAME
        !             4: map \- draw maps on various projections
        !             5: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !             6: .B map
        !             7: .I projection
        !             8: [
        !             9: .I param ...
        !            10: ]
        !            11: [
        !            12: .I option ...
        !            13: ]
        !            14: .PP
        !            15: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            16: .I Map
        !            17: prepares on the standard output a
        !            18: map suitable for display by any
        !            19: plotting filter described in
        !            20: .IR  plot (1).
        !            21: A menu of projections is produced in response to an unknown
        !            22: .IR projection .
        !            23: For the meanings of
        !            24: .I params
        !            25: pertinent to particular projections
        !            26: see
        !            27: .IR  proj (3).
        !            28: .PP
        !            29: The default data for
        !            30: .I map
        !            31: are world shorelines.
        !            32: Option
        !            33: .B -f
        !            34: accesses the higher-resolution World Data Bank II.
        !            35: .TP
        !            36: .BR -f " [ \fIfeature\fR ... ]"
        !            37: Features are ranked 1 (default) to 4 from major to minor.
        !            38: Higher-numbered ranks include all lower-numbered ones.
        !            39: Features are
        !            40: .RS
        !            41: .TF country[1-3]
        !            42: .TP
        !            43: .BR shore [ 1 - 4 ] 
        !            44: seacoasts, lakes, and islands; in the absence of
        !            45: .BR -m ,
        !            46: option
        !            47: .B -f
        !            48: automatically includes
        !            49: .B shore1
        !            50: .TP
        !            51: .BR ilake [ 1 - 2 ] 
        !            52: intermittent lakes
        !            53: .TP
        !            54: .BR river [ 1 - 4 ] 
        !            55: rivers
        !            56: .TP
        !            57: .BR iriver [ 1 - 3 ] 
        !            58: intermittent rivers
        !            59: .TP
        !            60: .BR canal [ 1 - 3 ] 
        !            61: .BR 3 =irrigation
        !            62: canals
        !            63: .TP
        !            64: .BR glacier
        !            65: .TP
        !            66: .BR iceshelf [ 12 ] 
        !            67: .TP
        !            68: .BR reef
        !            69: .TP
        !            70: .BR saltpan [ 12 ] 
        !            71: .TP
        !            72: .BR country [ 1 - 3 ] 
        !            73: .BR 2 =disputed
        !            74: boundaries,
        !            75: .BR 3 =indefinite
        !            76: boundaries
        !            77: .TP
        !            78: .BR state
        !            79: states and provinces (US and Canada only)
        !            80: .PD
        !            81: .RE
        !            82: .PP
        !            83: In other options
        !            84: coordinates are in degrees, with north latitude
        !            85: and west longitude counted as positive.
        !            86: .TP 0
        !            87: .BI -l " S N E W"
        !            88: Set the southern and northern latitude
        !            89: and the eastern and western longitude limits.
        !            90: Missing arguments are filled out from the list
        !            91: \-90, 90, \-180, 180.
        !            92: .TP
        !            93: .BI -k " S N E W
        !            94: Set the scale as if for a map with limits
        !            95: .B -l
        !            96: .I "S N E W"
        !            97: and no
        !            98: .B -w
        !            99: option.
        !           100: .TP
        !           101: .BI -o " lat lon rot"
        !           102: Orient the map in a nonstandard position.
        !           103: Imagine a transparent gridded sphere around the globe.
        !           104: Turn the overlay about the North Pole
        !           105: so that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0)
        !           106: of the overlay coincides with meridian
        !           107: .I lon
        !           108: on the globe.
        !           109: Then tilt the North Pole of the
        !           110: overlay along its Prime Meridian to latitude
        !           111: .I lat
        !           112: on the globe.
        !           113: Finally again turn the
        !           114: overlay about its `North Pole' so
        !           115: that its Prime Meridian coincides with the previous position
        !           116: of meridian
        !           117: .IR rot .
        !           118: Project the map in
        !           119: the standard form appropriate to the overlay, but presenting
        !           120: information from the underlying globe.
        !           121: Missing arguments are filled out from the list
        !           122: 90, 0, 0.
        !           123: In the absence of
        !           124: .BR \-o ,
        !           125: the orientation is 90, 0,
        !           126: .I m,
        !           127: where
        !           128: .I m
        !           129: is the middle of the longitude range.
        !           130: .TP
        !           131: .BI -w " S N E W"
        !           132: Window the map by the specified latitudes
        !           133: and longitudes in the tilted, rotated coordinate system.
        !           134: Missing arguments are filled out from the list \-90, 90, \-180, 180.
        !           135: (It is wise to give an encompassing
        !           136: .B -l
        !           137: option with
        !           138: .BR -w .
        !           139: Otherwise for small windows computing time
        !           140: varies inversely with area!)
        !           141: .TP
        !           142: .BI -d " n"
        !           143: For speed, plot only every
        !           144: .IR n th
        !           145: point.
        !           146: .TP
        !           147: .B  -r
        !           148: Reverse left and right
        !           149: (good for star charts and inside-out views).
        !           150: .br
        !           151: .ns
        !           152: .TP
        !           153: .B  -s1
        !           154: .br
        !           155: .ns
        !           156: .TP
        !           157: .B -s2
        !           158: Superpose.  Outputs for a
        !           159: .B -s1
        !           160: map (no closing) and a
        !           161: .B -s2
        !           162: map (no opening) may be concatenated.
        !           163: .TP
        !           164: .BI -g " dlat dlon res"
        !           165: Grid spacings are
        !           166: .I dlat,
        !           167: .I dlon.
        !           168: Zero spacing means no grid.
        !           169: Missing
        !           170: .I dlat
        !           171: is taken to be zero.
        !           172: Missing
        !           173: .I dlon
        !           174: is taken the same as
        !           175: .IR dlat .
        !           176: Grid lines are drawn to a resolution of
        !           177: .I res
        !           178: (2\(de or less by default).
        !           179: In the absence of
        !           180: .BR \-g ,
        !           181: grid spacing is 10\(de.
        !           182: .TP
        !           183: .BI -p " lat lon extent"
        !           184: Position the point
        !           185: .I lat, lon
        !           186: at the center of a square plotting area.
        !           187: Scale the map so that a side of the square is
        !           188: .I extent
        !           189: times the size of one degree of latitude
        !           190: at the center.
        !           191: By default maps are scaled and positioned
        !           192: to fit within the plotting area.
        !           193: An
        !           194: .I extent
        !           195: overrides option
        !           196: .BR -k .
        !           197: .TP
        !           198: .BI -c " x y rot"
        !           199: After all other positioning and scaling operations,
        !           200: rotate the image
        !           201: .I rot
        !           202: degrees counterclockwise about the center 
        !           203: and move the center to position
        !           204: .I x, y,
        !           205: of the plotting area, whose nominal extent is
        !           206: .RI \-1 \(<= x \(<= 1,
        !           207: .RI \-1 \(<= y \(<= 1.
        !           208: The map is clipped to this area.
        !           209: Missing arguments are taken to be 0.
        !           210: .TP
        !           211: .BR -m " [ \fIfile\fP ... ]"
        !           212: Use
        !           213: map data from named files.
        !           214: If no files are named, omit map data.
        !           215: Files that cannot be found directly are looked up
        !           216: a standard directory, which contains, in addition to the
        !           217: data for
        !           218: .BR -f ,
        !           219: .RS
        !           220: .LP
        !           221: .TF counties
        !           222: .TP
        !           223: .B world
        !           224: World Data Bank I from CIA (default)
        !           225: .TP
        !           226: .B states
        !           227: US map from Census Bureau
        !           228: .TP
        !           229: .B counties
        !           230: US map from Census Bureau
        !           231: .PD
        !           232: .RE
        !           233: .IP
        !           234: The environment variables
        !           235: .B MAP 
        !           236: and
        !           237: .B MAPDIR 
        !           238: change the default
        !           239: map and default directory.
        !           240: .TP
        !           241: .BI -b " \fR[ \fPlat1 lon1 lat2 lon2 \fR... ]"
        !           242: Suppress the drawing of the normal boundary
        !           243: (defined by options
        !           244: .BR -l 
        !           245: and
        !           246: .BR -w ).
        !           247: Coordinates, if present, define the vertices of a
        !           248: polygon to which the map is clipped.
        !           249: If only two vertices are given, they are taken to be the
        !           250: diagonal of a rectangle.
        !           251: To draw the polygon, give its vertices as a
        !           252: .B -u
        !           253: track.
        !           254: .TP
        !           255: .BI -t " file ..."
        !           256: The arguments name ASCII files that
        !           257: contain lists of points,
        !           258: given as latitude-longitude pairs in degrees.
        !           259: If the first file is named 
        !           260: .LR - ,
        !           261: the standard input is taken instead.
        !           262: The points of each list are plotted as connected `tracks'.
        !           263: .IP
        !           264: Points in a track file may be followed by label strings.
        !           265: A label breaks the track.
        !           266: A label may be prefixed by
        !           267: \f5"\fR,
        !           268: .LR : ,
        !           269: or 
        !           270: .L !
        !           271: and is terminated by a newline.
        !           272: An unprefixed string or a string prefixed with
        !           273: .L
        !           274: "
        !           275: is displayed at the designated point.
        !           276: The first word of a
        !           277: .L :
        !           278: or
        !           279: .L !
        !           280: string names a special symbol (see option
        !           281: .BR -y ).
        !           282: An optional numerical second word is a scale factor
        !           283: for the size of the symbol, 1 by default.
        !           284: A
        !           285: .L :
        !           286: symbol is aligned with its top to the north; a
        !           287: .L !
        !           288: symbol is aligned vertically on the page.
        !           289: .TP
        !           290: .BI -u " file ..."
        !           291: Same as
        !           292: .BR -t ,
        !           293: except the tracks are
        !           294: unbroken lines.
        !           295: .RB ( -t
        !           296: tracks are dot-dash lines.)
        !           297: .TP
        !           298: .BI -y " file
        !           299: The
        !           300: .I file
        !           301: contains 
        !           302: .IR plot (5)-style
        !           303: data for
        !           304: .L :
        !           305: or
        !           306: .L !
        !           307: labels in
        !           308: .B -t
        !           309: or
        !           310: .B -u
        !           311: files.
        !           312: Each symbol is defined by a comment
        !           313: .BI : name
        !           314: then a sequence of
        !           315: .L m
        !           316: and
        !           317: .L v
        !           318: commands.
        !           319: Coordinates (0,0) fall on the plotting point.
        !           320: Default scaling is as if the nominal plotting range were
        !           321: .LR "ra -1 -1 1 1" ;
        !           322: .L ra
        !           323: commands in
        !           324: .I file
        !           325: change the scaling.
        !           326: .SH EXAMPLES
        !           327: .TP
        !           328: .L
        !           329: map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74
        !           330: A view looking down on New York from 100 miles
        !           331: (0.025 of the 4000-mile earth radius).
        !           332: The job can be done faster by limiting the map so as not to `plot'
        !           333: the invisible part of the world:
        !           334: .LR "map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74 -l 20 60 30 100".
        !           335: A circular border can be forced by adding option
        !           336: .LR "-w 77.33" .
        !           337: (Latitude 77.33\(de falls just inside a polar cap of
        !           338: opening angle arccos(1/1.025) = 12.6804\(de.)
        !           339: .TP
        !           340: .L
        !           341: map mercator -o 49.25 -106 180
        !           342: A map whose `equator' is a great circle pasing east-west
        !           343: through New York.
        !           344: The pole of the map is placed 90\(de away (40.75+49.25=90)
        !           345: on the
        !           346: other side of the earth.
        !           347: A 180\(de twist around the pole of the map arranges that the
        !           348: Prime Meridian of the map runs from the pole of the
        !           349: map over the North Pole to New York
        !           350: instead of down the back side of the earth.
        !           351: The same effect can be had from
        !           352: .L
        !           353: map mercator -o 130.75 74
        !           354: .TP
        !           355: .L
        !           356: map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -m states
        !           357: A customary curved-latitude map of the United States.
        !           358: .TP
        !           359: .L
        !           360: map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -y yfile -t tfile
        !           361: An example of tracks, labels, and symbols.
        !           362: Arrows at New York and Miami are 8% and 12%
        !           363: as long as the map is wide.
        !           364: The contents of 
        !           365: .L yfile
        !           366: and
        !           367: .L tfile
        !           368: are
        !           369: .nf
        !           370: .ft L
        !           371: .ta 3i
        !           372: ra -50 -50 50 50       25.77 80.20 :arrow 12   
        !           373: :arrow 25.77  80.20 Miami
        !           374: m -1 0 25.77  80.20 
        !           375: v 0 0  35.00  74.02
        !           376: v -.6 .3       40.67  74.02 !arrow 8
        !           377: m -.6 -.3      40.67  74.02 " New York 
        !           378: v 0 0  34.05 118.25 Los Angeles
        !           379: .ft
        !           380: .TP
        !           381: .L
        !           382: map harrison 2 30 -l -90 90 120 240 -o 90 0 0
        !           383: A fan view covering 60\(de on either
        !           384: side of the Date Line, as seen from one earth radius
        !           385: above the North Pole gazing at the
        !           386: earth's limb, which is 30\(de off vertical.
        !           387: Option
        !           388: .B -o
        !           389: overrides the default
        !           390: .BR "-o 90 0 180" , 
        !           391: which would rotate
        !           392: the scene to behind the observer.
        !           393: .SH FILES
        !           394: All files in directory $MAPDIR
        !           395: .TF counties
        !           396: .TP
        !           397: .F [1-4]??
        !           398: World Data Bank II for option
        !           399: .B -f
        !           400: .TP
        !           401: .BR world , states , counties
        !           402: default and other maps for option
        !           403: .B -m
        !           404: .TP
        !           405: .F *.x
        !           406: map indexes
        !           407: .TP
        !           408: .F map
        !           409: the program proper
        !           410: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           411: .IR map (5), 
        !           412: .IR proj (3), 
        !           413: .IR plot (1)
        !           414: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
        !           415: `Map seems to be empty'\(ema coarse survey found
        !           416: zero extent within the 
        !           417: .B -l
        !           418: and
        !           419: .BR -w 
        !           420: bounds; for maps of limited extent
        !           421: the grid resolution,
        !           422: .I res,
        !           423: or the limits may have to be refined.
        !           424: .SH BUGS
        !           425: The syntax of range specifications in
        !           426: .B -y
        !           427: files differs from that in options.
        !           428: .br
        !           429: Windows (option
        !           430: .BR -w )
        !           431: cannot cross the Date Line.
        !           432: .br
        !           433: No borders appear along edges arising from
        !           434: visibility limits.
        !           435: .br
        !           436: Segments that cross a border are dropped, not clipped.
        !           437: .br
        !           438: Certain very long line segments are dropped on the assumption
        !           439: that they were intended to go the other way around the world.
        !           440: .br
        !           441: Automatic scaling may miss the extreme points of
        !           442: peculiarly shaped maps; use option
        !           443: .B -p
        !           444: to recover.
        !           445: .br
        !           446: Although
        !           447: .I map
        !           448: draws grid lines dotted and
        !           449: .B -t
        !           450: tracks dot-dashed, many plotting filters
        !           451: cannot cope and make them solid.

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