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1.1 root 1: .TH MAP 7
2: .CT 1 inst_info
3: .SH NAME
4: map \- draw maps on various projections
5: .SH SYNOPSIS
6: .B map
7: .I projection
8: [
9: .I param ...
10: ]
11: [
12: .I option ...
13: ]
14: .PP
15: .SH DESCRIPTION
16: .I Map
17: prepares on the standard output a
18: map suitable for display by any
19: plotting filter described in
20: .IR plot (1).
21: A menu of projections is produced in response to an unknown
22: .IR projection .
23: For the meanings of
24: .I params
25: pertinent to particular projections
26: see
27: .IR proj (3).
28: .PP
29: The default data for
30: .I map
31: are world shorelines.
32: Option
33: .B -f
34: accesses the higher-resolution World Data Bank II.
35: .TP
36: .BR -f " [ \fIfeature\fR ... ]"
37: Features are ranked 1 (default) to 4 from major to minor.
38: Higher-numbered ranks include all lower-numbered ones.
39: Features are
40: .RS
41: .TF country[1-3]
42: .TP
43: .BR shore [ 1 - 4 ]
44: seacoasts, lakes, and islands; in the absence of
45: .BR -m ,
46: option
47: .B -f
48: automatically includes
49: .B shore1
50: .TP
51: .BR ilake [ 1 - 2 ]
52: intermittent lakes
53: .TP
54: .BR river [ 1 - 4 ]
55: rivers
56: .TP
57: .BR iriver [ 1 - 3 ]
58: intermittent rivers
59: .TP
60: .BR canal [ 1 - 3 ]
61: .BR 3 =irrigation
62: canals
63: .TP
64: .BR glacier
65: .TP
66: .BR iceshelf [ 12 ]
67: .TP
68: .BR reef
69: .TP
70: .BR saltpan [ 12 ]
71: .TP
72: .BR country [ 1 - 3 ]
73: .BR 2 =disputed
74: boundaries,
75: .BR 3 =indefinite
76: boundaries
77: .TP
78: .BR state
79: states and provinces (US and Canada only)
80: .PD
81: .RE
82: .PP
83: In other options
84: coordinates are in degrees, with north latitude
85: and west longitude counted as positive.
86: .TP 0
87: .BI -l " S N E W"
88: Set the southern and northern latitude
89: and the eastern and western longitude limits.
90: Missing arguments are filled out from the list
91: \-90, 90, \-180, 180.
92: .TP
93: .BI -k " S N E W
94: Set the scale as if for a map with limits
95: .B -l
96: .I "S N E W"
97: and no
98: .B -w
99: option.
100: .TP
101: .BI -o " lat lon rot"
102: Orient the map in a nonstandard position.
103: Imagine a transparent gridded sphere around the globe.
104: Turn the overlay about the North Pole
105: so that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0)
106: of the overlay coincides with meridian
107: .I lon
108: on the globe.
109: Then tilt the North Pole of the
110: overlay along its Prime Meridian to latitude
111: .I lat
112: on the globe.
113: Finally again turn the
114: overlay about its `North Pole' so
115: that its Prime Meridian coincides with the previous position
116: of meridian
117: .IR rot .
118: Project the map in
119: the standard form appropriate to the overlay, but presenting
120: information from the underlying globe.
121: Missing arguments are filled out from the list
122: 90, 0, 0.
123: In the absence of
124: .BR \-o ,
125: the orientation is 90, 0,
126: .I m,
127: where
128: .I m
129: is the middle of the longitude range.
130: .TP
131: .BI -w " S N E W"
132: Window the map by the specified latitudes
133: and longitudes in the tilted, rotated coordinate system.
134: Missing arguments are filled out from the list \-90, 90, \-180, 180.
135: (It is wise to give an encompassing
136: .B -l
137: option with
138: .BR -w .
139: Otherwise for small windows computing time
140: varies inversely with area!)
141: .TP
142: .BI -d " n"
143: For speed, plot only every
144: .IR n th
145: point.
146: .TP
147: .B -r
148: Reverse left and right
149: (good for star charts and inside-out views).
150: .br
151: .ns
152: .TP
153: .B -s1
154: .br
155: .ns
156: .TP
157: .B -s2
158: Superpose. Outputs for a
159: .B -s1
160: map (no closing) and a
161: .B -s2
162: map (no opening) may be concatenated.
163: .TP
164: .BI -g " dlat dlon res"
165: Grid spacings are
166: .I dlat,
167: .I dlon.
168: Zero spacing means no grid.
169: Missing
170: .I dlat
171: is taken to be zero.
172: Missing
173: .I dlon
174: is taken the same as
175: .IR dlat .
176: Grid lines are drawn to a resolution of
177: .I res
178: (2\(de or less by default).
179: In the absence of
180: .BR \-g ,
181: grid spacing is 10\(de.
182: .TP
183: .BI -p " lat lon extent"
184: Position the point
185: .I lat, lon
186: at the center of a square plotting area.
187: Scale the map so that a side of the square is
188: .I extent
189: times the size of one degree of latitude
190: at the center.
191: By default maps are scaled and positioned
192: to fit within the plotting area.
193: An
194: .I extent
195: overrides option
196: .BR -k .
197: .TP
198: .BI -c " x y rot"
199: After all other positioning and scaling operations,
200: rotate the image
201: .I rot
202: degrees counterclockwise about the center
203: and move the center to position
204: .I x, y,
205: of the plotting area, whose nominal extent is
206: .RI \-1 \(<= x \(<= 1,
207: .RI \-1 \(<= y \(<= 1.
208: The map is clipped to this area.
209: Missing arguments are taken to be 0.
210: .TP
211: .BR -m " [ \fIfile\fP ... ]"
212: Use
213: map data from named files.
214: If no files are named, omit map data.
215: Files that cannot be found directly are looked up
216: a standard directory, which contains, in addition to the
217: data for
218: .BR -f ,
219: .RS
220: .LP
221: .TF counties
222: .TP
223: .B world
224: World Data Bank I from CIA (default)
225: .TP
226: .B states
227: US map from Census Bureau
228: .TP
229: .B counties
230: US map from Census Bureau
231: .PD
232: .RE
233: .IP
234: The environment variables
235: .B MAP
236: and
237: .B MAPDIR
238: change the default
239: map and default directory.
240: .TP
241: .BI -b " \fR[ \fPlat1 lon1 lat2 lon2 \fR... ]"
242: Suppress the drawing of the normal boundary
243: (defined by options
244: .BR -l
245: and
246: .BR -w ).
247: Coordinates, if present, define the vertices of a
248: polygon to which the map is clipped.
249: If only two vertices are given, they are taken to be the
250: diagonal of a rectangle.
251: To draw the polygon, give its vertices as a
252: .B -u
253: track.
254: .TP
255: .BI -t " file ..."
256: The arguments name ASCII files that
257: contain lists of points,
258: given as latitude-longitude pairs in degrees.
259: If the first file is named
260: .LR - ,
261: the standard input is taken instead.
262: The points of each list are plotted as connected `tracks'.
263: .IP
264: Points in a track file may be followed by label strings.
265: A label breaks the track.
266: A label may be prefixed by
267: \f5"\fR,
268: .LR : ,
269: or
270: .L !
271: and is terminated by a newline.
272: An unprefixed string or a string prefixed with
273: .L
274: "
275: is displayed at the designated point.
276: The first word of a
277: .L :
278: or
279: .L !
280: string names a special symbol (see option
281: .BR -y ).
282: An optional numerical second word is a scale factor
283: for the size of the symbol, 1 by default.
284: A
285: .L :
286: symbol is aligned with its top to the north; a
287: .L !
288: symbol is aligned vertically on the page.
289: .TP
290: .BI -u " file ..."
291: Same as
292: .BR -t ,
293: except the tracks are
294: unbroken lines.
295: .RB ( -t
296: tracks are dot-dash lines.)
297: .TP
298: .BI -y " file
299: The
300: .I file
301: contains
302: .IR plot (5)-style
303: data for
304: .L :
305: or
306: .L !
307: labels in
308: .B -t
309: or
310: .B -u
311: files.
312: Each symbol is defined by a comment
313: .BI : name
314: then a sequence of
315: .L m
316: and
317: .L v
318: commands.
319: Coordinates (0,0) fall on the plotting point.
320: Default scaling is as if the nominal plotting range were
321: .LR "ra -1 -1 1 1" ;
322: .L ra
323: commands in
324: .I file
325: change the scaling.
326: .SH EXAMPLES
327: .TP
328: .L
329: map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74
330: A view looking down on New York from 100 miles
331: (0.025 of the 4000-mile earth radius).
332: The job can be done faster by limiting the map so as not to `plot'
333: the invisible part of the world:
334: .LR "map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74 -l 20 60 30 100".
335: A circular border can be forced by adding option
336: .LR "-w 77.33" .
337: (Latitude 77.33\(de falls just inside a polar cap of
338: opening angle arccos(1/1.025) = 12.6804\(de.)
339: .TP
340: .L
341: map mercator -o 49.25 -106 180
342: A map whose `equator' is a great circle pasing east-west
343: through New York.
344: The pole of the map is placed 90\(de away (40.75+49.25=90)
345: on the
346: other side of the earth.
347: A 180\(de twist around the pole of the map arranges that the
348: Prime Meridian of the map runs from the pole of the
349: map over the North Pole to New York
350: instead of down the back side of the earth.
351: The same effect can be had from
352: .L
353: map mercator -o 130.75 74
354: .TP
355: .L
356: map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -m states
357: A customary curved-latitude map of the United States.
358: .TP
359: .L
360: map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -y yfile -t tfile
361: An example of tracks, labels, and symbols.
362: Arrows at New York and Miami are 8% and 12%
363: as long as the map is wide.
364: The contents of
365: .L yfile
366: and
367: .L tfile
368: are
369: .nf
370: .ft L
371: .ta 3i
372: ra -50 -50 50 50 25.77 80.20 :arrow 12
373: :arrow 25.77 80.20 Miami
374: m -1 0 25.77 80.20
375: v 0 0 35.00 74.02
376: v -.6 .3 40.67 74.02 !arrow 8
377: m -.6 -.3 40.67 74.02 " New York
378: v 0 0 34.05 118.25 Los Angeles
379: .ft
380: .TP
381: .L
382: map harrison 2 30 -l -90 90 120 240 -o 90 0 0
383: A fan view covering 60\(de on either
384: side of the Date Line, as seen from one earth radius
385: above the North Pole gazing at the
386: earth's limb, which is 30\(de off vertical.
387: Option
388: .B -o
389: overrides the default
390: .BR "-o 90 0 180" ,
391: which would rotate
392: the scene to behind the observer.
393: .SH FILES
394: All files in directory $MAPDIR
395: .TF counties
396: .TP
397: .F [1-4]??
398: World Data Bank II for option
399: .B -f
400: .TP
401: .BR world , states , counties
402: default and other maps for option
403: .B -m
404: .TP
405: .F *.x
406: map indexes
407: .TP
408: .F map
409: the program proper
410: .SH "SEE ALSO"
411: .IR map (5),
412: .IR proj (3),
413: .IR plot (1)
414: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
415: `Map seems to be empty'\(ema coarse survey found
416: zero extent within the
417: .B -l
418: and
419: .BR -w
420: bounds; for maps of limited extent
421: the grid resolution,
422: .I res,
423: or the limits may have to be refined.
424: .SH BUGS
425: The syntax of range specifications in
426: .B -y
427: files differs from that in options.
428: .br
429: Windows (option
430: .BR -w )
431: cannot cross the Date Line.
432: .br
433: No borders appear along edges arising from
434: visibility limits.
435: .br
436: Segments that cross a border are dropped, not clipped.
437: .br
438: Certain very long line segments are dropped on the assumption
439: that they were intended to go the other way around the world.
440: .br
441: Automatic scaling may miss the extreme points of
442: peculiarly shaped maps; use option
443: .B -p
444: to recover.
445: .br
446: Although
447: .I map
448: draws grid lines dotted and
449: .B -t
450: tracks dot-dashed, many plotting filters
451: cannot cope and make them solid.
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