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Annotation of researchv10dc/man/man8/icheck.8, revision 1.1

1.1     ! root        1: .TH ICHECK 8
        !             2: .CT 1 sa_nonmortals
        !             3: .SH NAME
        !             4: icheck, dcheck, ncheck \- file system consistency check
        !             5: .SH SYNOPSIS
        !             6: .B /etc/icheck
        !             7: [
        !             8: option ... ]
        !             9: .I filesystem ...
        !            10: .PP
        !            11: .B /etc/dcheck
        !            12: [
        !            13: option ... ]
        !            14: .I filesystem ...
        !            15: .PP
        !            16: .B /etc/ncheck
        !            17: [
        !            18: option ... ]
        !            19: .I filesystem ...
        !            20: .SH DESCRIPTION
        !            21: These programs perform
        !            22: consistency checks on file systems.
        !            23: For normal file system maintenance, see
        !            24: .IR fsck (8).
        !            25: Common options are
        !            26: .TP
        !            27: .B -B
        !            28: The file system is bitmapped.
        !            29: If
        !            30: .I filesystem 
        !            31: is a special file, this option is set automatically from
        !            32: the minor device number.
        !            33: .TP
        !            34: .BI -i " number ...
        !            35: Report only on specified inode
        !            36: .I numbers
        !            37: .RI ( dcheck
        !            38: and
        !            39: .I ncheck
        !            40: only).
        !            41: .PP
        !            42: .I Icheck
        !            43: examines each
        !            44: .I filesystem,
        !            45: builds a list of used blocks,
        !            46: and compares this list against
        !            47: the free list maintained on the file system.
        !            48: The normal output of
        !            49: .I icheck
        !            50: includes a report of
        !            51: .IP ""
        !            52: The total number of files and the numbers of
        !            53: regular, directory, block special and character special files.
        !            54: .IP ""
        !            55: The total number of blocks in use and the numbers of
        !            56: single-, double-, and triple-indirect blocks and directory blocks.
        !            57: .IP ""
        !            58: The number of free blocks.
        !            59: .IP ""
        !            60: The number of blocks missing;
        !            61: .I i.e.\&
        !            62: not in any file
        !            63: nor in the free list.
        !            64: .PP
        !            65: Other 
        !            66: .I icheck
        !            67: options are
        !            68: .TP
        !            69: .B -s
        !            70: Ignore the free list and reconstruct a new one
        !            71: by rewriting the super-block of the file system.
        !            72: The file system should be dismounted while this is done;
        !            73: if this is not possible (for example if
        !            74: the root file system has to be salvaged)
        !            75: care should be taken that the system is quiescent.
        !            76: The words in the super-block
        !            77: which indicate the size of the free list and of the
        !            78: i-list are believed.
        !            79: If the super-block has been curdled
        !            80: these words will have to be patched.
        !            81: The normal output reports are suppressed.
        !            82: .TP
        !            83: .BI -b " number ...
        !            84: Report each appearance of the selected block
        !            85: .I numbers
        !            86: in a file or on the free list.
        !            87: .TP
        !            88: .B -d
        !            89: Report each duplicate block.
        !            90: .TP
        !            91: .B -m
        !            92: Report each missing block.
        !            93: .TP
        !            94: .B -e
        !            95: Print at most one diagnostic per file;
        !            96: useful for badly curdled file systems.
        !            97: .PP
        !            98: .I Dcheck
        !            99: reads the directories in each
        !           100: .I filesystem
        !           101: and compares
        !           102: the link count in each inode with the number of directory
        !           103: entries by which it is referenced.
        !           104: .PP
        !           105: .I Ncheck
        !           106: generates a list of pathname vs i-number for each named
        !           107: .I filesystem.
        !           108: Other
        !           109: .I ncheck
        !           110: options are
        !           111: .TP
        !           112: .B -a
        !           113: Report
        !           114: .L .
        !           115: and
        !           116: .LR .. ,
        !           117: which are normally ignored.
        !           118: .TP
        !           119: .B -s
        !           120: Report only special files, and files with
        !           121: set-userid or set-groupid mode;
        !           122: helpful in finding security breaches.
        !           123: .SH "SEE ALSO"
        !           124: .IR filsys (5),
        !           125: .IR chuck (8),
        !           126: .IR fsck (8),
        !           127: .IR clri (8)
        !           128: .SH DIAGNOSTICS
        !           129: For duplicate blocks
        !           130: and bad blocks (which lie outside the file system)
        !           131: .I icheck
        !           132: announces the difficulty, the i-number, and the kind of block involved.
        !           133: If a read error is encountered,
        !           134: the block number of the bad block is printed and
        !           135: .I icheck
        !           136: considers it to contain 0.
        !           137: `Bad freeblock' means that
        !           138: a block number outside the available space was encountered in the free list.
        !           139: `Dups in free'
        !           140: means that
        !           141: blocks were found in the free list which
        !           142: duplicate blocks either in some file or in the
        !           143: earlier part of the free list.
        !           144: .PP
        !           145: When a file turns up for which the link-count and the number
        !           146: of directory entries disagree,
        !           147: .I dcheck
        !           148: reports the relevant facts.
        !           149: Allocated files which have 0 link-count and no entries are also
        !           150: listed.
        !           151: The only dangerous situation
        !           152: occurs when there are more entries than links;
        !           153: if entries are removed,
        !           154: so the link-count drops to 0,
        !           155: the remaining entries point to thin air.
        !           156: They should be removed.
        !           157: When there are more links than entries, or there is
        !           158: an allocated file with neither links nor entries,
        !           159: some disk space may be lost but the situation will not degenerate.
        !           160: .PP
        !           161: When the filesystem structure is improper,
        !           162: .I ncheck
        !           163: prints
        !           164: .L ??
        !           165: to denote the `parent' of
        !           166: a parentless file.
        !           167: A pathname beginning with
        !           168: .L ...
        !           169: denotes a loop.
        !           170: .SH BUGS
        !           171: Extraneous diagnostics
        !           172: may be produced if these commands are applied to
        !           173: active file systems.
        !           174: .br
        !           175: They believe even preposterous super-blocks and
        !           176: consequently can get core images.
        !           177: .br
        !           178: .I Ncheck's
        !           179: report is in no useful
        !           180: order, and probably should be sorted.
        !           181: .I Ncheck
        !           182: fails to report the root inode.

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