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researchv10 Dan Cross

.  \"ident	"%W%"
.  \"Copyright (c) 1984 AT&T
.  \"All Rights Reserved
.  \"THIS IS UNPUBLISHED PROPRIETARY SOURCE CODE OF AT&T
.  \"The copyright notice above does not evidence any
.  \"actual or intended publication of such source code.
.TH IOS.OUT 3I+ "C++ Stream Library" " "
.SH NAME
ostream \- formatted and unformatted output
.SH SYNOPSIS
.ft B
.ta1i 2i
.nf
#include <iostream.h>

typedef long streamoff, streampos;
class ios {
public:
	enum	seek_dir { beg, cur, end };
	enum	open_mode { in, out, ate, app } ;
	// \fIand lots of other stuff ... \fP
	} ;

class ostream : ios {
public:
	ostream&	flush();
	int	opfx();
	ostream&	put(char c);
	ostream&	seekp(streampos pos);
	ostream&	seekp(streamoff off, seek_dir d);
	streampos	tellp();
	ostream&	write(const char*  ptr,int n);
	ostream&	write(const unsigned    char* ptr, int n);
	ostream&	operator<<(const char*);
	ostream&	operator<<(char);
	ostream&	operator<<(short);
	ostream&	operator<<(int a);
	ostream&	operator<<(long);
	ostream&	operator<<(double);
	ostream&	operator<<(unsigned char);
	ostream&	operator<<(unsigned short);
	ostream&	operator<<(unsigned int);
	ostream&	operator<<(unsigned long);
	ostream&	operator<<(void*);
	ostream&	operator<<(const streambuf&);
	ostream&	operator<<(ostream& (*)(ostream&));
};

class ostream_withassign {
		ostream_withassign();
	istream&	operator=(istream&);
	istream&	operator=(streambuf*);
};

extern ostream_withassign cout;
extern ostream_withassign cerr;
extern ostream_withassign clog;


ostream&	endl(ostream& i) ;
ostream&	ends(ostream& i) ;
ostream&	flush(ostream&	i) ;
.fi
.ft R
.SH DESCRIPTION
\f(CWistream\fRs support
insertion (storing) into an \f(CWstreambuf\fR.
These are commonly refered to as output operations.
.PP
Assume:
.br
\(em \fBouts\fR is an \f(CWostream\fR.
.br
\(em \fBoutswa\fR is an \f(CWostream_withassign\fR.
.br
\(em \fBoutsp\fR is an \f(CWostream*\fR.
.br
\(em \fBc\fR is a \f(CWchar\fR.
.br
\(em \fBptr\fR is a \f(CWchar*\fR or \f(CWunsigned char*\fR.
.br
\(em \fBsb\fR is a \f(CWstreambuf*\fR
.br
\(em \fBi\fR and \fBn\fR are \f(CWint\fR.
.br
\(em \fBpos\fR is a \f(CWstreampos\fR.
.br
\(em \fBoff\fR is a \f(CWstreamoff\fR.
.br
\(em \fBdir\fR is a \f(CWseek_dir\fR.
.br
\(em \fBmanip\fR is a function with type \f(CWostream& (*)(ostream&)\fR.
.PP
.PP
Constructors and assignment:
.TP
\fBostream(sb)\fR
Initializes \fBios\fR state variables and associates stream with
buffer \fBsb\fR.
\fBostream_withassign()\fR
Does no initialization.  This allows a file static
variable of this type
(\fBcout\fR for example) to be used before it is constructed provided
it is assigned to first.
.TP
\fBoutswa=sb\fR
Associates \fBsb\fR with \fBswa\fR and initializes the entire
state of \fBoutswa\fR.
.TP
\fBinswa=ins\fR
Associates \fBins->rdbuf()\fR with \fBswa\fR and initializes the entire
state of \fBoutswa\fR.
The inserters:
.TP
\fBouts<<x\fR
First call \fBouts.opfx()\fR.  If that returns 0 do nothing.
Otherwise insert a sequence of characters
representing \fBx\fR into \fBouts.rdbuf()\fR.
Errors are indicated by setting
the error state of \fBouts\fR.
\fBouts\fR is always returned.
.RS
.PP
\fBx\fR is converted into a sequence of characters
(its representation) according
to rules that depend on \fBx\fR's type and
\fBouts\fR's format state variables (see \fIios\fR(3C++)):
.TP
\f(CWchar*\fR
The representation is the sequence of characters up to
(but not including)
the terminating null of the string \fBx\fR points at.
.TP
\fIany integral type\fR
If \fBx\fR is positive
the representation contains a sequence of
decimal, octal, or hexadecimal digits with no leading zeros
according to whether
\fBouts.convbase()\fR is 10, 8, or 16 respectively.
If \fBx\fR is zero the representation is a single
zero character(\f(CW0\fR).
If \fBx\fR is negative, decimal conversion converts is to a minus
sign (\f(CW-\fR) followed by decimal digits.
The other conversions treat all values as unsigned.
A value of 0 for \fBouts.convbase()\fR
also causes decimal conversion.
The effect of other values of \fBouts.convbase()\fR is undefined.
If \fBouts.showbase()\fR
is non-zero the hex representation contains 
\f(CW0x\fR before the hex digits.
If \fBouts.showbase()\fR is non-zero the octal representation contains
a leading 0.
.TP
\f(CWvoid*\fR
Pointers are cast to integral values and then converted
to hexadecimal numbers as if \fBouts.showbase()\fR were set.
.TP
\f(CWfloat\fR, \f(CWdouble\fR
The arguments are converted according to the current values
of \fBouts.precision()\fR, \fBouts.floatfmt()\fR, and \fBouts.width()\fR
using the printf formatting conventions for
\f(CW"%\fBfloatfmt\f(CW"\fR.
The default values for \fBouts.floatfmt()\fR and \fBouts.precision()\fR
are \f(CWg\fR and 6 respectively.
.PP
After the representation is determined, padding occurs.
If \fBouts.width()\fR
is greater than 0
and the representation contains less than \fBouts.width()\fR
characters, then enough \fBouts.fill()\fR characters are added
to bring the total number of characters to \fBios.width()\fR.
If \fBios.ladjust()\fR is non-zero the sequence is left adjusted.
That is, characters are added after the characters determined above.
Otherwise the padding is added before the characters determined
above. \fBios.width()\fR is reset to 0, but all other format
state variables are unchanged.  The resulting sequence (padding
plus representation) is inserted into \fBouts.rdbuf()\fR.
.RE
.TP
\fBouts<<sb\fR
If \fBouts.opfx()\fR returns non-zero
the sequence of characters that can be fetched from \fBsb\fR
are inserted into \fBouts.rdbuf\fR.  Insertion stops when
no more characters can be fetcheded from \fBsb\fR.  No padding
is performed.  Always return \fBouts\fR.
.PP
Other members:
.TP
\fBi=outs.opfx()\fR
If \fBouts\fR's error state is nonzero returns immediately.
If \fBouts.tie()\fR is non-null flush it.
Returns non-zero except when \fBouts\fR'es error state is nonzero.
.TP
\fBoutsp=&outs.flush()\fR
storing characters into a streambuf does not always
cause them to be consumed (e.g., written to the external file)
immediately.
\fBflush\fR
causes any characters that may have been stored but not yet consumed
to be consumed by calling \fBouts.rdbuf()->sync\fR.
.TP
\fBouts<<manip\fR
Equivalent to \fBmanip(outs)\fR.
Syntactically this looks like an insertion
operation, but semantically it does an arbitrary operations
rather than converting \fBmanip\fR to a sequence of characters as
do the insertion operators.
.PP
Unformatted output functions:
.TP
\fBoutsp=&outs.put(c)\fR
Inserts \fBc\fR into \fBouts.rdbuf()\fR.  Sets the error state if
the insertion fails.
.TP
\fBoutsp=&outs.write(s,n)\fR
Inserts the
\fBn\fR
characters starting at \fBs\fR into \fBouts.rdbuf()\fR.
These characters may include zeros (i.e., \fBs\fR need not be
a null terminated string).
.PP
Positioning functions:
.TP
\fBoutsp=&ins.seekp(off,dir)\fR
Repositions \fBouts.rdbuf()\fR's put pointer.
See \fIsbuf.pub\fR(3C++)\fR for a discussion of positioning.
.TP
\fBoutsp=&outs.seekp(pos)\fR
Repositions \fBouts.rdbuf()\fR's put pointer.
See \fIsbuf.pub\fR(3C++)\fR for a discussion of positioning.
.TP
\fBpos=outs.tellp()\fR
The current position of \fBouts.rdbuf()\fR's put pointer.
See \fIsbuf.pub\fR(3C++)\fR for a discussion of positioning.
.PP
Manipulators:
.TP
\fBouts<<endl\fR
Ends a line by inserting a newline character and flushing.
.TP
\fBouts<<ends\fR
Ends a string by inserting a null(0) character.
.TP
\fBouts<<flush\fR
Flushes \fBouts\fR
.SH SEE ALSO
ios(3C++)
sbuf.pub(3C++)
manip(3C++)

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