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1.1     ! root        1: .so ../ADM/mac
        !             2: .XX index 609 "Index"
        !             3: .TL
        !             4: Index
        !             5: .AU
        !             6: L. L. Cherry
        !             7: .AI
        !             8: .MH
        !             9: .AB
        !            10: .AE
        !            11: .2C
        !            12: .NH
        !            13: Introduction
        !            14: .PP
        !            15: Because the index that follows was generated mechanically,
        !            16: a description of its layout and contents will help
        !            17: you use it more effectively.
        !            18: I'll describe how the index is organized,
        !            19: how the terms were generated, how the index was generated from
        !            20: the terms, and finally, the difficulties.
        !            21: .NH
        !            22: The Organization
        !            23: .PP
        !            24: Each of the papers is assigned a nickname that
        !            25: is printed in italic to the left of the title in the
        !            26: Table of Contents and in the header of the paper.
        !            27: So, for example, the paper 
        !            28: "A System for
        !            29: Algorithm Animation" is called \fIanim\fR and
        !            30: the paper ``A Troff Tutorial'' is called \fItrofftut\fR.
        !            31: In the index the paper nicknames always appear in italics.
        !            32: Literals, which may be file names, command names or keywords
        !            33: in a language, appear in constant width, i.e. \f(CW/bin\fR,
        !            34: \f(CWawk\fR, \f(CWcircle\fR.
        !            35: The terms in the index are not fully cross-referenced.
        !            36: Each paper appears alphabetically under its nickname, followed by an
        !            37: indented mini-index of terms specific to that paper.
        !            38: Generally, these terms are not cross-referenced in the top or global level.
        !            39: So, for example, the terms \f(CWagain\fR, \f(CWbackward\fR,
        !            40: and ``current view'' in \fIanim\fR only appear indented under \fIanim\fR.
        !            41: Terms you might look up to determine whether a topic is
        !            42: discussed anywhere in this volume, however, are fully cross-referenced,
        !            43: like ``Movie Program'' or ``binary search tree.''
        !            44: File names and program names are also indexed globally.
        !            45: Terms that would be redundant or useless under the specific
        !            46: paper only appear at the global
        !            47: level.
        !            48: So, ``Algorithm Animation'' is not in the mini-index under \fIanim\fR.
        !            49: .NH
        !            50: Getting the terms
        !            51: .PP
        !            52: The terms for the index were generated mechanically
        !            53: from the text of the papers.
        !            54: For each paper, a file containing the title and headings, repeated noun phrases,
        !            55: and distinguished words was generated.
        !            56: By distinguished words, I mean those that appear in the paper in
        !            57: a distinguishing font like italics, bold or constant width.
        !            58: This file was than manually edited to a reasonable list of
        !            59: indexing terms.
        !            60: Finally, the terms were coded with indexing level (only global, only specific or
        !            61: fully cross-referenced) and font information.
        !            62: .NH
        !            63: Index Generation
        !            64: .PP
        !            65: Production of the index was completely automatic once the terms were generated
        !            66: and edited.
        !            67: A form of the \fIdiction\fP program that does pattern matching on English
        !            68: text, mapping upper case letters to lower case and punctuation to blanks,
        !            69: located the terms in the text of the paper.
        !            70: Using this location information, \f(CW.Tm\fR commands
        !            71: were inserted in the paper to cause \fItroff\fR to print the page number
        !            72: for each term.
        !            73: An \fIawk\fR program combined the page numbers for each term and
        !            74: generated the global and local versions of the indexing term for each paper.
        !            75: For example, in \fIbackup\fR, references to \f(CW/n\fR, the network
        !            76: file system, appear in the file generated
        !            77: by \fItroff\fR as,
        !            78: .P1
        !            79: 596    /n      c
        !            80: 597    /n      c
        !            81: 602    /n      c
        !            82: .P2
        !            83: and become two indexing entries
        !            84: .P1
        !            85: /n, backup, 596-597, 602       c
        !            86: backup, /n, 596-597, 602       c
        !            87: .P2
        !            88: The \f(CWc\fR is a code for constant width font.
        !            89: .PP
        !            90: Finally the indexes for all of the papers are sorted into one index
        !            91: and another \fIawk\fR program merges like terms and adds font changes.
        !            92: So for the term \f(CW/n\fR, which is referenced in \fIbackup\fR, \fInetb\fR, and \fIsetup\fR,
        !            93: we get
        !            94: .DS
        !            95: \f(CW/n\fP, \fIbackup\fR, 596-597, 602
        !            96:     \fInetb\fR, 519
        !            97:     \fIsetup\fR, 499-500
        !            98: .DE
        !            99: at the global level and \f(CW/n\fR also appears in the mini-indexes
        !           100: for \fIbackup\fR, \fInetb\fR, and \fIsetup\fR.
        !           101: .NH
        !           102: Difficulties
        !           103: .PP
        !           104: Because the terms are generated directly from the text
        !           105: and the text was written by 40 authors,
        !           106: language choices differ among the papers, and hence
        !           107: among the terms in the index.
        !           108: To locate a paper of interest, you may have to look
        !           109: in the vicinity of the term.
        !           110: For example, although there are 14 papers that deal with
        !           111: ``typesetting'', not all of them explicitly include the term.
        !           112: So we have indexing terms ``typeset,'' ``typesetter'' and
        !           113: ``typesetter graphics.''
        !           114: .PP
        !           115: Terms as they appear in the papers may not be in the same
        !           116: font or case as they appear in the index.
        !           117: There are several reasons for this.
        !           118: First the matching is done solely in lower case
        !           119: in order to match terms that begin sentences
        !           120: or appear in headings.
        !           121: Terms that were derived from headings
        !           122: have their upper case letters restored but may appear in the text
        !           123: of the paper in lower case as well.
        !           124: For some indexing terms case is significant, like the \f(CWd\fR and \f(CWD\fR
        !           125: commands in \fIsam\fR, but unfortunately lost.
        !           126: Both commands are mapped to lower case.
        !           127: Because font changes in the index carry information
        !           128: (paper nickname, literal) the font in the index may differ
        !           129: from that used in the paper.
        !           130: Although most of language papers use constant width font for
        !           131: literals, UNIX commands appear in italic.
        !           132: In the index UNIX commands are in constant width.
        !           133: .PP
        !           134: Where possible, indexing terms are matched in programming
        !           135: examples as well as in the text of the papers.
        !           136: For some terms, like the \f(CWif\fR statement in \fIspin\fR,
        !           137: this is not possible without matching every occurrence
        !           138: of the word ``if'' in the text.
        !           139: .PP
        !           140: Finally, the page number of the term in the index may be off by one,
        !           141: referring to the page before the actual occurrence of the term.
        !           142: When the terms are inserted in the text of the papers
        !           143: for \fItroff\fR to compute their page numbers, they are
        !           144: added in front of the sentence in which they occur.
        !           145: If this sentence begins on the preceding page, then
        !           146: the term will be attributed to that page rather than
        !           147: the one on which it physically appears.
        !           148: .PP
        !           149: If you remember to look in the vicinity of
        !           150: the term you're looking for in the index and not
        !           151: expect the font or case to be identical in the paper,
        !           152: you should find the information you want in this volume.
        !           153: .NH
        !           154: Acknowledgements
        !           155: .PP
        !           156: I am indebted to Doug McIlroy, N. Peter Nelson
        !           157: and Lloyd Nakatani for looking at early
        !           158: versions of the index and for their helpful suggestions
        !           159: on its form.
        !           160: ....
        !           161: .... augmented term in index - 5620 ->5620 terminal
        !           162: ..... sometimes lc used to enhence folding of terms

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