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1.1     ! root        1: .RP
        !             2: ....TM 76-1274-16 39199 39199-11
        !             3: ....ND October 8, 1976
        !             4: .nr CW 2.85i
        !             5: .nr GW .3i
        !             6: .TL
        !             7: Typing Documents on the UNIX System:
        !             8: .br
        !             9: \!.br
        !            10: Using the \-ms Macros with Troff and Nroff
        !            11: .AU "MH 2C-572" 6377
        !            12: M. E. Lesk
        !            13: .AI
        !            14: .MH
        !            15: .OK
        !            16: Text Formatting
        !            17: Phototypesetting
        !            18: .AB
        !            19: This document describes a set of easy-to-use macros
        !            20: for preparing documents on the UNIX system.
        !            21: Documents may be produced on either the
        !            22: phototypesetter or a on a computer terminal,
        !            23: without changing the input.
        !            24: .PP
        !            25: The macros provide facilities for paragraphs, sections (optionally
        !            26: with automatic numbering), page titles, footnotes,
        !            27: equations,
        !            28: tables, two-column format, and
        !            29: cover pages for papers.
        !            30: .PP
        !            31: This memo includes, as an appendix,
        !            32: the text of the ``Guide to Preparing
        !            33: Documents with \-ms''
        !            34: which contains additional examples
        !            35: of features of \-ms.
        !            36: .PP
        !            37: This manual is a revision of, and replaces,
        !            38: ``Typing Documents on UNIX,''
        !            39: dated November 22, 1974.
        !            40: .AE
        !            41: .CS 6 6 12 1 0 8
        !            42: .bd I 3
        !            43: .PP
        !            44: .I
        !            45: Introduction.
        !            46: .R
        !            47: This memorandum describes a package of commands to produce
        !            48: papers
        !            49: using the
        !            50: .bd I
        !            51: .I
        !            52: troff
        !            53: .R
        !            54: and
        !            55: .I nroff
        !            56: formatting programs on the
        !            57: .SM
        !            58: UNIX
        !            59: .NL
        !            60: system.
        !            61: As with other
        !            62: .I roff -derived
        !            63: programs,
        !            64: text is prepared interspersed with formatting commands.
        !            65: However, this package,
        !            66: which itself is written in
        !            67: .I troff
        !            68: commands,
        !            69: provides higher-level commands
        !            70: than those provided with the basic
        !            71: .I troff
        !            72: program.
        !            73: The commands available in this package are listed in
        !            74: Appendix A.
        !            75: .bd I 3
        !            76: .PP
        !            77: .I
        !            78: Text.
        !            79: .R
        !            80: Type normally, except that instead of indenting for paragraphs,
        !            81: place a line reading ``.PP'' before each paragraph.
        !            82: This will produce indenting and extra space.
        !            83: .LP
        !            84: Alternatively, the command .LP that was used here will produce
        !            85: a left-aligned (block) paragraph.
        !            86: The paragraph spacing can be changed: see below under ``Registers.''
        !            87: .PP
        !            88: .I
        !            89: Beginning.
        !            90: .R
        !            91: For a document with a paper-type cover sheet, the input should start as follows:
        !            92: .DS L
        !            93:        [optional overall format .RP \- see below]
        !            94:        .TL
        !            95:        Title of document (one or more lines)
        !            96:        .AU
        !            97:        Author(s) (may also be several lines)
        !            98:        .AI
        !            99:        Author's institution(s)
        !           100:        .AB
        !           101:        Abstract; to be placed on the cover sheet of a paper.
        !           102:        Line length is 5/6 of normal; use .ll here to change.
        !           103:        .AE  (abstract end)
        !           104:        text ... (begins with .PP, which see)
        !           105: .DE
        !           106: To omit some of the standard headings
        !           107: (e.g. no abstract, or no author's institution) just
        !           108: omit the corresponding fields and command lines.
        !           109: The word
        !           110: .SM
        !           111: ABSTRACT
        !           112: .NL
        !           113: can be suppressed by writing ``.AB no'' for ``.AB''.
        !           114: Several interspersed .AU and .AI lines can be used for multiple authors.
        !           115: The headings are not compulsory: beginning
        !           116: with a .PP command is perfectly OK and will just
        !           117: start printing an ordinary paragraph.
        !           118: .I Warning:
        !           119: You can't just begin a document with a line of text.
        !           120: Some \-ms command must
        !           121: precede any text input.  When in doubt, use .LP
        !           122: to get proper initialization, although any of
        !           123: the commands .PP, .LP, .TL, .SH, .NH is good enough.
        !           124: Figure 1 shows the legal arrangement of commands at the
        !           125: start of a document.
        !           126: .PP
        !           127: .I
        !           128: Cover Sheets and First Pages.
        !           129: .R
        !           130: The first line
        !           131: of a document signals the general format of the first page.
        !           132: In particular, if it is ".RP" a cover sheet with title and
        !           133: abstract is prepared.
        !           134: The default format
        !           135: is useful for scanning drafts.
        !           136: .PP
        !           137: In general \-ms is arranged so that only one form
        !           138: of a document need be stored, containing all
        !           139: information;  the first command gives the format,
        !           140: and unnecessary items for that format are ignored.
        !           141: .PP
        !           142: Warning: don't put extraneous material
        !           143: between the .TL and .AE commands.  Processing
        !           144: of the titling items is
        !           145: special, and other data placed in them may not behave
        !           146: as you expect.
        !           147: Don't forget that some \-ms command must precede any input text.
        !           148: .PP
        !           149: .I
        !           150: Page headings.
        !           151: .R
        !           152: The \-ms macros, by default, will print a page heading containing
        !           153: a page number (if greater than 1).
        !           154: A default page footer is provided only in
        !           155: .I nroff ,
        !           156: where the date is used.
        !           157: The user can make minor adjustments to the page headings/footings
        !           158: by redefining the
        !           159: strings
        !           160: LH, CH, and RH
        !           161: which are the left, center and right portions of the page headings,
        !           162: respectively; and the
        !           163: strings
        !           164: LF, CF, and RF,
        !           165: which are the left, center and right portions of the page footer.
        !           166: For more complex formats, the user can redefine
        !           167: the macros PT and BT, which are invoked respectively at the top
        !           168: and bottom of each page.
        !           169: The margins (taken from registers HM and FM for the top and bottom
        !           170: margin respectively) are normally 1 inch; the page header/footer are
        !           171: in the middle of that space.
        !           172: The user who redefines these macros should be careful
        !           173: not to change parameters such as point size or font
        !           174: without resetting them to default values.
        !           175: .PP
        !           176: .2C
        !           177: .I
        !           178: Multi-column formats.
        !           179: .R
        !           180: If you place the command ``.2C'' in your document, the document will
        !           181: be printed in double column format beginning
        !           182: at that point.  This feature is not too useful in computer
        !           183: terminal output, but is often desirable on the typesetter.
        !           184: The command ``.1C'' will go
        !           185: back to one-column format and also skip to a new page.
        !           186: The ``.2C'' command is actually a special case of the command
        !           187: .DS L
        !           188:        .MC [column width [gutter width]]
        !           189: .DE
        !           190: which makes multiple columns with the specified column
        !           191: and gutter width; as many columns as will fit across the page
        !           192: are used.
        !           193: Thus triple, quadruple, ... column pages can be printed.
        !           194: Whenever the number of columns is changed (except going from
        !           195: full width to some larger number of columns)
        !           196: a new page is started.
        !           197: .PP
        !           198: .I
        !           199: Headings.
        !           200: .R
        !           201: To produce a special heading, there are two commands.
        !           202: If you type
        !           203: .DS L
        !           204:        .NH
        !           205:        type section heading here
        !           206:        may be several lines
        !           207: .DE
        !           208: you will get automatically numbered section headings (1, 2, 3, ...),
        !           209: in boldface.
        !           210: For example,
        !           211: .DS L
        !           212:     .NH
        !           213:     Care and Feeding of Department Heads
        !           214: .DE
        !           215: produces
        !           216: .NH
        !           217: Care and Feeding of Department Heads
        !           218: .PP
        !           219: Alternatively,
        !           220: .DS L
        !           221:        .SH
        !           222:        Care and Feeding of Directors
        !           223: .DE
        !           224: will print the heading with no number added:
        !           225: .SH
        !           226: Care and Feeding of Directors
        !           227: .PP
        !           228: Every section heading, of either type, should be followed
        !           229: by a paragraph beginning with .PP or .LP, indicating
        !           230: the end of the heading.
        !           231: Headings may contain more than one line
        !           232: of text.
        !           233: .PP
        !           234: The .NH command also supports more complex numbering schemes.
        !           235: If a numerical argument is given, it is taken to be a
        !           236: ``level'' number and an appropriate sub-section
        !           237: number is generated.
        !           238: Larger level numbers indicate deeper
        !           239: sub-sections, as in this example:
        !           240: .DS L
        !           241:        .NH
        !           242:        Erie-Lackawanna
        !           243:        .NH 2
        !           244:        Morris and Essex Division
        !           245:        .NH 3
        !           246:        Gladstone Branch
        !           247:        .NH 3
        !           248:        Montclair Branch
        !           249:        .NH 2
        !           250:        Boonton Line
        !           251: .DE
        !           252: generates:
        !           253: .NH
        !           254: Erie-Lackawanna
        !           255: .NH 2
        !           256: Morris and Essex Division
        !           257: .NH 3
        !           258: Gladstone Branch
        !           259: .NH 3
        !           260: Montclair Branch
        !           261: .NH 2
        !           262: Boonton Line
        !           263: .PP
        !           264: An explicit ``.NH 0'' will reset the numbering of level 1
        !           265: to one, as here:
        !           266: .DS L
        !           267:        .NH 0
        !           268:        Penn Central
        !           269: .DE
        !           270: .ft 3
        !           271: .if n .ul 1
        !           272: .sp 1
        !           273: 1.  Penn Central
        !           274: .PP
        !           275: .I
        !           276: Indented paragraphs.
        !           277: .R
        !           278: (Paragraphs with hanging numbers, e.g. references.)
        !           279: The sequence
        !           280: .DS L
        !           281:        .IP [1]
        !           282:        Text for first paragraph, typed
        !           283:        normally for as long as you would
        !           284:        like on as many lines as needed.
        !           285:        .IP [2]
        !           286:        Text for second paragraph, ...
        !           287: .DE
        !           288: produces
        !           289: .IP [1]
        !           290: Text for first paragraph, typed normally for as long
        !           291: as you would like on as many lines as
        !           292: needed.
        !           293: .IP [2]
        !           294: Text for second paragraph, ...
        !           295: .LP
        !           296: A series of indented paragraphs may be followed by an ordinary paragraph
        !           297: beginning with .PP or .LP,
        !           298: depending on whether you wish indenting or not.
        !           299: The command .LP was used here.
        !           300: .PP
        !           301: More sophisticated uses of .IP are also possible.
        !           302: If the label is omitted, for example, a plain block indent
        !           303: is produced.
        !           304: .DS L
        !           305:        .IP
        !           306:        This material will
        !           307:        just be turned into a
        !           308:        block indent suitable for quotations or
        !           309:        such matter.
        !           310:        .LP
        !           311: .DE
        !           312: will produce
        !           313: .IP
        !           314: This material
        !           315: will just be turned
        !           316: into a block indent
        !           317: suitable for
        !           318: quotations or such matter.
        !           319: .LP
        !           320: If a non-standard amount of indenting is required,
        !           321: it may be specified after the label (in character positions)
        !           322: and will remain in effect until the next .PP or .LP.
        !           323: Thus, the general form of the .IP command
        !           324: contains two additional fields: the label and the indenting
        !           325: length.  For example,
        !           326: .DS L
        !           327:        .IP first: 9
        !           328:        Notice the longer label, requiring larger
        !           329:        indenting for these paragraphs.
        !           330:        .IP second:
        !           331:        And so forth.
        !           332:        .LP
        !           333: .DE
        !           334: produces this:
        !           335: .IP first: 9
        !           336: Notice the longer label, requiring larger
        !           337: indenting for these paragraphs.
        !           338: .IP second:
        !           339: And so forth.
        !           340: .LP
        !           341: It is also possible to produce multiple nested indents;
        !           342: the command .RS indicates that the next .IP starts from the
        !           343: current indentation level.
        !           344: Each .RE will eat up one level of indenting
        !           345: so you should balance .RS and .RE commands.
        !           346: The .RS command should be thought of as ``move right'' and
        !           347: the .RE command as ``move left''.
        !           348: As an example
        !           349: .DS L
        !           350:        .IP 1.
        !           351:        Bell Laboratories
        !           352:        .RS
        !           353:        .IP 1.1
        !           354:        Murray Hill
        !           355:        .IP 1.2
        !           356:        Holmdel
        !           357:        .IP 1.3
        !           358:        Whippany
        !           359:        .RS
        !           360:        .IP 1.3.1
        !           361:        Madison
        !           362:        .RE
        !           363:        .IP 1.4
        !           364:        Chester
        !           365:        .RE
        !           366:        .LP
        !           367: .DE
        !           368: will result in
        !           369: .IP 1.
        !           370: Bell Laboratories
        !           371: .RS
        !           372: .IP 1.1
        !           373: Murray Hill
        !           374: .IP 1.2
        !           375: Holmdel
        !           376: .IP 1.3
        !           377: Whippany
        !           378: .RS
        !           379: .IP 1.3.1
        !           380: Madison
        !           381: .RE
        !           382: .IP 1.4
        !           383: Chester
        !           384: .RE
        !           385: .LP
        !           386: All of these variations on .LP leave the right
        !           387: margin untouched.  Sometimes, for purposes
        !           388: such as setting off a quotation, a paragraph indented
        !           389: on both right and left is required.
        !           390: .QP
        !           391: A single paragraph
        !           392: like this is obtained
        !           393: by preceding it with .QP.
        !           394: More complicated material (several paragraphs) should be
        !           395: bracketed with .QS and .QE.
        !           396: .LP
        !           397: .I
        !           398: Emphasis.
        !           399: .R
        !           400: To get
        !           401: italics
        !           402: (on the typesetter) or underlining (on the terminal)
        !           403: say
        !           404: .DS L
        !           405:        .I
        !           406:        as much text as you want
        !           407:        can be typed here
        !           408:        .R
        !           409: .DE
        !           410: .bd I
        !           411: .br
        !           412: as was done for
        !           413: .I
        !           414: these three words.
        !           415: .R
        !           416: The .R command restores the normal (usually Roman) font.
        !           417: If only one word is to be italicized, it
        !           418: may be just given on the line with the .I command,
        !           419: .br
        !           420: .bd I 3
        !           421: .DS
        !           422:        .I word
        !           423: .DE
        !           424: and in this case no .R is needed to restore
        !           425: the previous font.
        !           426: .B
        !           427: Boldface
        !           428: .R
        !           429: can be produced by
        !           430: .DS L
        !           431:        .B
        !           432:        Text to be set in boldface
        !           433:        goes here
        !           434:        .R
        !           435: .DE
        !           436: and also will be underlined on the terminal or line printer.
        !           437: As with .I, a single word can be placed in boldface
        !           438: by placing it on the same line as the .B command.
        !           439: .PP
        !           440: A few size changes
        !           441: can be specified similarly with
        !           442: the commands .LG (make larger), .SM (make smaller), and .NL
        !           443: (return to normal size).
        !           444: The size change
        !           445: is two points; the commands may be repeated for
        !           446: .SM
        !           447: increased
        !           448: .SM
        !           449: effect
        !           450: .NL
        !           451: (here one .NL canceled two .SM commands).
        !           452: .PP
        !           453: If actual
        !           454: .UL underlining
        !           455: as opposed to italicizing is required on the typesetter,
        !           456: the command
        !           457: .DS
        !           458:        .UL word
        !           459: .DE
        !           460: will underline a word.  There is no way to underline
        !           461: multiple words on the typesetter.
        !           462: .PP
        !           463: .I
        !           464: Footnotes.
        !           465: .R
        !           466: Material placed between lines with the commands .FS
        !           467: (footnote) and .FE (footnote end) will
        !           468: be collected, remembered, and finally placed
        !           469: at the bottom of the current page*.
        !           470: By default, footnotes are 11/12th the
        !           471: length of normal text,
        !           472: but this can be changed using the FL register (see below).
        !           473: .FS
        !           474: * Like this.
        !           475: .FE
        !           476: .PP
        !           477: .I
        !           478: Displays and Tables.
        !           479: .R
        !           480: To prepare displays of lines, such as tables, in which
        !           481: the lines should not be re-arranged,
        !           482: enclose them in the commands .DS and .DE
        !           483: .DS L
        !           484:        .DS
        !           485:        table lines, like the
        !           486:        examples here, are placed
        !           487:        between .DS and .DE
        !           488:        .DE
        !           489: .DE
        !           490: By default, lines between .DS and .DE are indented and left-adjusted.
        !           491: You can also center lines, or retain the left margin.
        !           492: Lines bracketed by .DS C and .DE commands are
        !           493: centered (and not re-arranged); lines bracketed
        !           494: by .DS L and .DE are left-adjusted, not indented, and
        !           495: not re-arranged.
        !           496: A plain .DS is equivalent
        !           497: to .DS I, which indents and left-adjusts.  Thus,
        !           498: .DS C
        !           499: these lines were preceded
        !           500: by .DS C and followed by
        !           501: a .DE command;
        !           502: .DE
        !           503: whereas
        !           504: .DS L
        !           505: these lines were preceded
        !           506: by .DS L and followed by
        !           507: a .DE command.
        !           508: .DE
        !           509: Note that .DS C centers each line; there is a variant .DS B
        !           510: that makes the display into a left-adjusted block of text, and
        !           511: then centers that entire block.
        !           512: Normally a display is kept together, on one page.
        !           513: If you wish to have a long display which
        !           514: may be split across page
        !           515: boundaries,
        !           516: use .CD, .LD, or .ID in place of
        !           517: the commands .DS C, .DS L, or .DS I respectively.
        !           518: An extra argument to the .DS I or .DS command is taken
        !           519: as an amount to indent.
        !           520: Note: it is tempting to assume that .DS R will right adjust
        !           521: lines, but it doesn't work.
        !           522: .PP
        !           523: .I
        !           524: Boxing words or lines.
        !           525: .R
        !           526: To draw rectangular boxes around words the command
        !           527: .DS L
        !           528:        .BX word
        !           529: .DE
        !           530: will print
        !           531: .BX word
        !           532: as shown.
        !           533: The boxes will not be neat on a terminal, and this
        !           534: should not be used as a substitute for italics.
        !           535: .B1
        !           536: Longer pieces of text may be boxed
        !           537: by enclosing them with .B1 and .B2:
        !           538: .DS L
        !           539:        .B1
        !           540:        text...
        !           541:        .B2
        !           542: .DE
        !           543: as has been done here.
        !           544: .B2
        !           545: .PP
        !           546: .I
        !           547: Keeping blocks together.
        !           548: .R
        !           549: If you wish to keep a table or other block of lines
        !           550: together on a page, there are ``keep - release'' commands.
        !           551: If a block of lines preceded by .KS and followed by .KE does
        !           552: not fit on the remainder of the current page, it will begin
        !           553: on a new page.
        !           554: Lines bracketed by .DS and .DE commands are automatically
        !           555: kept together this way.
        !           556: There is also a ``keep floating'' command: if the
        !           557: block to be kept together is preceded by .KF instead of .KS
        !           558: and does not fit
        !           559: on the current page, it will be moved down through the text
        !           560: until the top of the next page.  Thus, no large blank space
        !           561: will be introduced in the document.  
        !           562: .PP
        !           563: .I
        !           564: Nroff/Troff commands.
        !           565: .R
        !           566: Among the useful commands from the basic formatting programs
        !           567: are the following.  They all work with both typesetter and
        !           568: computer terminal output:
        !           569: .DS L
        !           570:        .bp - begin new page.
        !           571:        .br - ``break'', stop running text
        !           572:                  from line to line.
        !           573:        .sp n - insert n blank lines.
        !           574:        .na - don't adjust right margins.
        !           575: .DE
        !           576: .PP
        !           577: .I
        !           578: Date.
        !           579: .R
        !           580: By default, documents produced on computer terminals have the
        !           581: date at the bottom of each page; documents produced on
        !           582: the typesetter don't.
        !           583: To force the date, say ``.DA''.  To force no date, say ``.ND''.
        !           584: To lie about the date, say ``.DA July 4, 1776''
        !           585: which puts the specified date at the bottom of each page.
        !           586: The command
        !           587: .DS L
        !           588:        .ND May 8, 1945
        !           589: .DE
        !           590: in ".RP" format
        !           591: places the specified date on the cover sheet and nowhere else.
        !           592: Place this line before the title.
        !           593: .PP
        !           594: .I
        !           595: Signature line.
        !           596: .R
        !           597: You can obtain a signature line by placing
        !           598: the command .SG in the document.
        !           599: The authors' names will
        !           600: be output in place of the .SG line.
        !           601: An argument to .SG
        !           602: is used
        !           603: as a typing identification line, and
        !           604: placed after the signatures.
        !           605: The .SG command is ignored
        !           606: in released paper format.
        !           607: .PP
        !           608: .I
        !           609: Registers.
        !           610: .R
        !           611: Certain of the registers used by \-ms can
        !           612: be altered to change default
        !           613: settings.
        !           614: They should be changed with .nr commands,
        !           615: as with
        !           616: .DS
        !           617:        .nr PS 9
        !           618: .DE
        !           619: .bd I
        !           620: to make the default point size 9 point.
        !           621: If the effect is needed immediately, the
        !           622: normal
        !           623: .I
        !           624: troff
        !           625: .R
        !           626: command should be used
        !           627: in addition to changing the number register.
        !           628: .br
        !           629: .ps 9
        !           630: .vs 10p
        !           631: .TS
        !           632: c0 c c c
        !           633: c c c c
        !           634: a l l l.
        !           635: Register       Defines Takes   Default
        !           636:                effect
        !           637: PS     point size      next para.      10
        !           638: VS     line spacing    next para.      12 pts
        !           639: LL     line length     next para.      6\(fm\(fm
        !           640: LT     title length    next para.      6\(fm\(fm
        !           641: PD     para. spacing   next para.      0.3 VS
        !           642: PI     para. indent    next para.      5 ens
        !           643: FL     footnote length next FS 11/12 LL
        !           644: CW     column width    next 2C 7/15 LL
        !           645: GW     intercolumn gap next 2C 1/15 LL
        !           646: PO     page offset     next page       26/27\(fm\(fm
        !           647: HM     top margin      next page       1\(fm\(fm
        !           648: FM     bottom margin   next page       1\(fm\(fm
        !           649: .TE
        !           650: .ps \n(PS
        !           651: .vs \n(VS
        !           652: You may also alter
        !           653: the strings
        !           654: LH, CH, and RH which are the left, center, and right headings
        !           655: respectively; and similarly LF, CF, and RF which are strings in the
        !           656: page footer.
        !           657: The page number on
        !           658: .I
        !           659: output
        !           660: .R
        !           661: is taken from register PN, to permit
        !           662: changing its output style.
        !           663: For more complicated headers and footers
        !           664: the macros PT and BT can be redefined, as
        !           665: explained earlier.
        !           666: .bd I 3
        !           667: .PP
        !           668: .I
        !           669: Accents.
        !           670: .R
        !           671: To simplify typing certain foreign words,
        !           672: strings representing common accent marks are defined.
        !           673: They precede the letter over which the mark
        !           674: is to appear.
        !           675: Here are the strings:
        !           676: .TS
        !           677: center;
        !           678: c c6 c c.
        !           679: Input  Output  Input   Output
        !           680: \e*\(fme       \*'e    \e*~a   \*~a
        !           681: \e*\(gae       \*`e    \e*Ce   \h'0.15m'\v'-0.6m'\s6\zv\s0\v'0.6m'\h'-0.15m'e
        !           682: \e*:u  \*:u    \e*,c   \*,c
        !           683: \e*^e  \o'^e'
        !           684: .TE
        !           685: .PP
        !           686: .I
        !           687: Use.
        !           688: .R
        !           689: After your document is prepared and stored on a file,
        !           690: you can print it on a terminal with the command*
        !           691: .bd I
        !           692: .FS
        !           693: * If .2C was used, pipe the
        !           694: .I nroff
        !           695: output
        !           696: through
        !           697: .I col;
        !           698: make the first line of the input
        !           699: ``.pi /usr/bin/col.''
        !           700: .br
        !           701: .FE
        !           702: .DS L
        !           703: .I
        !           704:    nroff \-ms file
        !           705: .R
        !           706: .DE
        !           707: and you can print it on the typesetter with the
        !           708: command
        !           709: .DS L
        !           710: .I
        !           711:    troff \-ms file
        !           712: .R
        !           713: .DE
        !           714: (many options are possible).
        !           715: In each case, if your document is stored in several files,
        !           716: just list all the filenames
        !           717: where we have used ``file''.
        !           718: If equations or tables are used,
        !           719: .I
        !           720: eqn
        !           721: .R
        !           722: and/or
        !           723: .I
        !           724: tbl
        !           725: .R
        !           726: must be invoked as preprocessors.
        !           727: .br
        !           728: .bd I 3
        !           729: .PP
        !           730: .I
        !           731: References and further study.
        !           732: .R
        !           733: If you have to do Greek or mathematics, see
        !           734: .I eqn
        !           735: [1]
        !           736: for equation setting.
        !           737: To aid
        !           738: .I eqn
        !           739: users,
        !           740: .I \-ms
        !           741: provides definitions of .EQ and .EN
        !           742: which normally center the equation and set it off slightly.
        !           743: An argument on .EQ is taken to be an equation
        !           744: number and placed in the right margin near the equation.
        !           745: In addition, there are three special arguments to EQ:
        !           746: the letters C, I, and L indicate centered (default),
        !           747: indented, and left adjusted equations, respectively. 
        !           748: If there is both a format argument
        !           749: and an equation number,
        !           750: give the format argument first, as in
        !           751: .bd I
        !           752: .DS
        !           753:        .EQ L (1.3a)
        !           754: .DE
        !           755: for a left-adjusted equation numbered (1.3a).
        !           756: .PP
        !           757: Similarly,
        !           758: the macros .TS and .TE
        !           759: are defined
        !           760: to separate tables (see [2]) from text with a little space.
        !           761: A very long table with a heading may be broken
        !           762: across pages by beginning it with .TS H
        !           763: instead of .TS,
        !           764: and placing the line .TH in the table data
        !           765: after the heading.  If the table
        !           766: has no heading repeated from page to page,
        !           767: just use the ordinary .TS and .TE macros.
        !           768: .PP
        !           769: To learn more about
        !           770: .I troff
        !           771: see
        !           772: [3] for a general introduction, and [4]
        !           773: for the full details (experts only).
        !           774: Information on related UNIX commands
        !           775: is in [5].
        !           776: For jobs that do not seem well-adapted
        !           777: to \-ms, consider other macro packages.
        !           778: It is often far easier to write a specific macro packages
        !           779: for such tasks as imitating particular journals than
        !           780: to try to adapt \-ms.
        !           781: .PP
        !           782: .bd I 3
        !           783: .I
        !           784: Acknowledgment.
        !           785: .R
        !           786: Many thanks are due to Brian Kernighan for
        !           787: his help in the design and implementation of this package,
        !           788: and for his assistance in preparing this manual.
        !           789: .bd I
        !           790: .SH
        !           791: .ce
        !           792: References
        !           793: .PP
        !           794: .IP [1]
        !           795: B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry,
        !           796: .I
        !           797: Typesetting Mathematics \(em Users Guide (2nd edition),
        !           798: .R
        !           799: Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 17.
        !           800: .IP [2]
        !           801: M. E. Lesk,
        !           802: .I
        !           803: Tbl \(em A Program to Format Tables,
        !           804: .R
        !           805: Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 45.
        !           806: .IP [3]
        !           807: B. W. Kernighan,
        !           808: .I
        !           809: A Troff Tutorial,
        !           810: .R
        !           811: Bell Laboratories, 1976.
        !           812: .IP [4]
        !           813: J. F. Ossanna,
        !           814: .I
        !           815: Nroff\|/Troff Reference Manual,
        !           816: .R
        !           817: Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 51.
        !           818: .IP [5]
        !           819: K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie,
        !           820: .I
        !           821: UNIX Programmer's Manual,
        !           822: .R
        !           823: Bell Laboratories, 1978.
        !           824: .1C
        !           825: .SH
        !           826: .ce
        !           827: Appendix A
        !           828: .ce
        !           829: List of Commands
        !           830: .ft R
        !           831: .TS
        !           832: expand;
        !           833: l2 l5 l2 l.
        !           834: 1C     Return to single column format. LG      Increase type size.
        !           835: 2C     Start double column format.     LP      Left aligned block paragraph.
        !           836: AB     Begin abstract. 
        !           837: AE     End abstract.   
        !           838: AI     Specify author's institution.   
        !           839: AU     Specify author. ND      Change or cancel date.
        !           840: B      Begin boldface. NH      Specify numbered heading.
        !           841: DA     Provide the date on each page.  NL      Return to normal type size.
        !           842: DE     End display.    PP      Begin paragraph.
        !           843: DS     Start display (also CD, LD, ID).        
        !           844: EN     End equation.   R       Return to regular font (usually Roman).
        !           845: EQ     Begin equation. RE      End one level of relative indenting.
        !           846: FE     End footnote.   RP      Use released paper format.
        !           847: FS     Begin footnote. RS      Relative indent increased one level.
        !           848:                SG      Insert signature line.
        !           849: I      Begin italics.  SH      Specify section heading.
        !           850:                SM      Change to smaller type size.
        !           851: IP     Begin indented paragraph.       TL      Specify title.
        !           852: KE     Release keep.   
        !           853: KF     Begin floating keep.    UL      Underline one word.
        !           854: KS     Start keep.     
        !           855: .TE
        !           856: .sp
        !           857: .ce
        !           858: .ft B
        !           859: Register Names
        !           860: .ft R
        !           861: .PP
        !           862: The following register names are used by \-ms internally.
        !           863: Independent use of these names in one's own macros may
        !           864: produce incorrect output.
        !           865: Note that no lower case letters are used in any \-ms internal name.
        !           866: .TS
        !           867:  expand;
        !           868: c s s  s s s  s s s  s s
        !           869: l l l  l l l  l l l  l l.
        !           870: Number registers used in \-ms
        !           871: :      DW      GW      HM      IQ      LL      NA      OJ      PO      T.      TV
        !           872: #T     EF      H1      HT      IR      LT      NC      PD      PQ      TB      VS
        !           873: .T     FC      H2      IF      IT      MF      ND      PE      PS      TC      WF
        !           874: 1T     FL      H3      IK      KI      MM      NF      PF      PX      TD      YE
        !           875: AV     FM      H4      IM      L1      MN      NS      PI      RO      TN      YY
        !           876: CW     FP      H5      IP      LE      MO      OI      PN      ST      TQ      ZN
        !           877: .TE
        !           878: .sp
        !           879: .TS
        !           880: expand;
        !           881: c s s  s s s  s s s  s s
        !           882: l l l  l l l  l l l  l l.
        !           883: String registers used in \-ms
        !           884: \(fm   A5      CB      DW      EZ      I       KF      MR      R1      RT      TL
        !           885: \(ga   AB      CC      DY      FA      I1      KQ      ND      R2      S0      TM
        !           886: ^      AE      CD      E1      FE      I2      KS      NH      R3      S1      TQ
        !           887: ~      AI      CF      E2      FJ      I3      LB      NL      R4      S2      TS
        !           888: :      AU      CH      E3      FK      I4      LD      NP      R5      SG      TT
        !           889: ,      B       CM      E4      FN      I5      LG      OD      RC      SH      UL
        !           890: 1C     BG      CS      E5      FO      ID      LP      OK      RE      SM      WB
        !           891: 2C     BT      CT      EE      FQ      IE      ME      PP      RF      SN      WH
        !           892: A1     C       D       EL      FS      IM      MF      PT      RH      SY      WT
        !           893: A2     C1      DA      EM      FV      IP      MH      PY      RP      TA      XD
        !           894: A3     C2      DE      EN      FY      IZ      MN      QF      RQ      TE      XF
        !           895: A4     CA      DS      EQ      HO      KE      MO      R       RS      TH      XK
        !           896: .TE
        !           897: .ne 4i
        !           898: .br
        !           899: .ne 5i
        !           900: .ta 1i 2i 3i 4i
        !           901: .vs .6i
        !           902: .nf
        !           903: .in 1i
        !           904: .ll 4.2i
        !           905: .ce
        !           906: Order of Commands in Input
        !           907: 
        !           908:        RP
        !           909: TL
        !           910: AU
        !           911: AI
        !           912:        AB
        !           913:        AE
        !           914: 
        !           915:                NH, SH
        !           916:                        PP, LP
        !           917:                        text ...
        !           918: .br
        !           919: .ce
        !           920: Figure 1
        !           921: .fi
        !           922: .in 0

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