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1.1 ! root 1: ....if \nM=0 .RP ! 2: ....TM 76-1274-5 39199 39199-11 ! 3: .if \n(tm>0 .ND June 11, 1976* ! 4: .TL ! 5: Tbl \(em A Program to Format Tables\(dg ! 6: .AU "MH 2C-569" 6377 ! 7: L. L. Cherry ! 8: M. E. Lesk ! 9: .AI ! 10: .MH ! 11: .AB ! 12: .I Tbl ! 13: is a document formatting preprocessor for ! 14: .I troff ! 15: or ! 16: .I nroff ! 17: which makes ! 18: even ! 19: fairly complex tables easy to specify and enter. ! 20: Tables are made up of columns which may be independently centered, right-adjusted, ! 21: left-adjusted, or aligned by decimal points. ! 22: Headings may be placed over single columns or groups of columns. ! 23: A table entry may contain equations, or may consist of several rows of text. ! 24: Horizontal or vertical lines may be drawn as desired ! 25: in the table, ! 26: and any table or element may be enclosed in a box. ! 27: For example: ! 28: .TS ! 29: center, box; ! 30: c s s s ! 31: c s s s ! 32: c |c |c |c ! 33: c |cp-2 |c |c ! 34: l |n |n |n. ! 35: U. S. Energy Production/Consumption ! 36: \s-2(in quadrillion Btu)\s0 ! 37: = ! 38: Year Production Consumption Net ! 39: \^ all sources \^ ! 40: _ ! 41: 1953 36.77 36.27 +0.51 ! 42: 1958 38.81 40.35 \-1.54 ! 43: 1963 45.85 48.32 \-2.47 ! 44: 1968 56.81 61.00 \-4.19 ! 45: 1973 62.06 74.28 \-12.22 ! 46: 1978 61.01 78.09 \-17.08 ! 47: 1983 61.19 70.05 \-8.86 ! 48: 1987 64.55 76.01 \-11.46 ! 49: .TE ! 50: .AE ! 51: .tr # ! 52: .de e1 ! 53: .nr \\$1 \\$2 ! 54: .. ! 55: .de e2 ! 56: .if !\\n(\\$1=\\n% .tm Error in example \\$1: referred to page \\n(\\$1, is on page \\n% ! 57: .rr \\$1 ! 58: .. ! 59: .di qq ! 60: .EQ ! 61: delim $$ ! 62: .EN ! 63: .di ! 64: .rm qq ! 65: .FS ! 66: \(dg This is version of |reference(v7tbl) revised by Lorinda Cherry. ! 67: .FE ! 68: .2C ! 69: .NH ! 70: Introduction. ! 71: .PP ! 72: .I Tbl ! 73: turns a simple description ! 74: of a table into a ! 75: .I troff ! 76: or ! 77: .I nroff |reference(troff reference) ! 78: program (list of commands) that prints the table. ! 79: It ! 80: attempts to isolate a portion of a job that it can ! 81: successfully ! 82: handle and leave the remainder for other programs. ! 83: Thus ! 84: .I tbl ! 85: may be used with the equation formatting ! 86: program ! 87: .I eqn |reference(latest eqn) ! 88: or various ! 89: layout macro packages |reference(msmacros)|reference(lesk kernighan typesetting)|reference(mashey smith documentation), ! 90: but does not duplicate their functions. ! 91: .PP ! 92: This memorandum is divided into two parts. ! 93: First we give the rules for preparing ! 94: .I tbl ! 95: input; then some examples are shown. ! 96: The description of rules is precise but technical, and ! 97: the beginning user may prefer to read the examples first, ! 98: as they show some common table arrangements. ! 99: A section explaining how to invoke ! 100: .I tbl ! 101: precedes the examples. ! 102: To avoid repetition, henceforth read ! 103: .I troff ! 104: as ! 105: .I ! 106: ``troff ! 107: .R ! 108: or ! 109: .I ! 110: nroff.'' ! 111: .R ! 112: .ds . \^\s14.\s0 ! 113: .PP ! 114: The input to ! 115: .I ! 116: tbl ! 117: .R ! 118: is text for a document, with tables preceded by a ``\f(CW.TS\fP'' ! 119: (table start) ! 120: command and followed by a ``\f(CW.TE\fP'' ! 121: (table end) command. ! 122: .I Tbl ! 123: processes the tables, generating ! 124: .I troff ! 125: formatting commands, ! 126: and leaves the remainder of the text unchanged. ! 127: The ! 128: .CW .TS ! 129: and ! 130: .CW .TE ! 131: lines are copied, too, so that ! 132: .I troff ! 133: page layout macros ! 134: (such as the memo formatting macros|reference(msmacros)) can use these lines ! 135: to delimit and place tables as they see fit. ! 136: In particular, any arguments on the ! 137: .CW .TS ! 138: or ! 139: .CW .TE ! 140: lines ! 141: are copied but otherwise ignored, and may be used by document layout ! 142: macro commands. ! 143: .PP ! 144: The format of the input is as follows: ! 145: .DS ! 146: \&text ! 147: .CW .TS ! 148: \&\fItable\fR ! 149: .CW .TE ! 150: \&text ! 151: .CW .TS ! 152: \&\fItable\fR ! 153: .CW .TE ! 154: \&text ! 155: \&\&\*. \*. \*. ! 156: .DE ! 157: where the format of each table is as follows: ! 158: .DS ! 159: .CW .TS ! 160: \fIoptions \f(CW;\fR ! 161: \fIformat \f(CW.\fP ! 162: data ! 163: .CW .TE ! 164: .DE ! 165: .R ! 166: Each table is independent, and must contain formatting ! 167: information ! 168: followed by the data to be entered in the table. ! 169: The formatting information, which describes the ! 170: individual columns and rows of the table, may be preceded ! 171: by a few options that affect the entire table. ! 172: A detailed description of tables is given in the next section. ! 173: .NH ! 174: Input commands. ! 175: .PP ! 176: As indicated above, a table contains, first, global options, ! 177: then a format section describing the layout of the table ! 178: entries, and then the data to be printed. The format and data ! 179: are always required, but not the options. ! 180: The various parts of the table are entered as follows: ! 181: .NH 2 ! 182: Options ! 183: .PP ! 184: There may be a single line of options ! 185: affecting the whole table. ! 186: If present, this line must follow the ! 187: .CW .TS ! 188: line immediately ! 189: and must contain a list of option names ! 190: separated by spaces, tabs, or commas, and must be terminated by a semicolon. ! 191: The allowable options are: ! 192: .IP \f(CW##center\fR 15 ! 193: center the table (default is left-adjust); ! 194: .IP \f(CW##expand\fR ! 195: make the table as wide as the current line length; ! 196: .IP \f(CW##box\fR ! 197: enclose the table in a box; ! 198: .IP \f(CW##allbox\fR ! 199: enclose each item in the table in a box; ! 200: .IP \f(CW##doublebox\fR ! 201: enclose the table in two boxes; ! 202: .IP \f(CW##tab#\fR(\fIx\fR\^) ! 203: use \fIx\fR instead of tab to separate data items. ! 204: .IP \f(CW##linesize(\fIn\fP)\fR ! 205: set lines or rules (e.g. from \f(CWbox\fR\^) in \fIn\fR point type; ! 206: .IP \f(CW##delim(\fIxy\fP)\fR ! 207: recognize \fIx\fR and \fIy\fR as the \fIeqn\fR delimiters. ! 208: .PP ! 209: .I Tbl ! 210: tries to keep boxed tables on one page by issuing ! 211: appropriate ! 212: .I troff ! 213: \&``need'' ! 214: .CW .ne ) ( ! 215: commands. ! 216: These requests are calculated from the number of lines in the tables, ! 217: and if there are spacing commands embedded in the input, these requests may be inaccurate; ! 218: use normal ! 219: .I troff ! 220: procedures, such as keep-release macros, in that case. ! 221: The user who must have a multi-page boxed table ! 222: should use macros designed for this purpose, ! 223: as explained below under `Usage.' ! 224: .NH 2 ! 225: Format ! 226: .PP ! 227: The format section of the table specifies the layout ! 228: of the columns. ! 229: Each line in this section corresponds to one line ! 230: of the table (except that the last line corresponds to all following ! 231: lines up to the next ! 232: .CW .T& , ! 233: if any \(em see below), ! 234: and each line contains a key-letter for each column ! 235: of the table. ! 236: It is good practice to separate the key letters for each ! 237: column by spaces or tabs. ! 238: Each key-letter is one of the following: ! 239: .cs B 25 ! 240: .IP "##\f(CWL\fR#or#\f(CWl\fR" 10 ! 241: to indicate a left-adjusted column entry; ! 242: .IP "##\f(CWR\fR#or#\f(CWr\fR ! 243: to indicate a right-adjusted column entry; ! 244: .IP "##\f(CWC\fR#or#\f(CWc\fR ! 245: to indicate a centered column entry; ! 246: .IP "##\f(CWN\fR#or#\f(CWn\fR ! 247: to indicate a numerical column entry, to be aligned with other ! 248: numerical entries so that the units digits of numbers line up; ! 249: .IP "##\f(CWA\fR#or#\f(CWa\fR ! 250: to indicate an alphabetic subcolumn; ! 251: all corresponding entries are aligned on the left, and positioned ! 252: so that the widest is centered within the column (see ! 253: example on page 12); ! 254: .IP "##\f(CWS\fR#or#\f(CWs\fR ! 255: to indicate a spanned heading, i.e. to indicate that the ! 256: entry from the previous column continues across this ! 257: column ! 258: (not allowed for the first column, obviously); or ! 259: .IP ##\f(CW\s+4\v'6p'^\v'-6p'\s0\fR ! 260: to indicate a vertically spanned heading, i.e. to indicate that ! 261: the entry from the previous row continues down through this row. ! 262: (Not allowed for the first row of the table, obviously). ! 263: .cs B ! 264: .PP ! 265: When numerical alignment is specified, a location for the decimal ! 266: point is sought. The rightmost dot ! 267: .CW . ) ( ! 268: adjacent to a digit is used as a decimal point; if there is no ! 269: dot adjoining a digit, the rightmost digit is used as a units digit; ! 270: if no alignment is indicated, the item is centered in the column. ! 271: However, the special non-printing character string ! 272: .CW \e& ! 273: may be used ! 274: to override unconditionally dots ! 275: and digits, or to align alphabetic data; ! 276: this string lines up where a dot normally would, ! 277: and then disappears from the final output. ! 278: In the example below, the items shown at the left will be ! 279: aligned (in a numerical column) as shown on the right: ! 280: .KS ! 281: .TS ! 282: center; ! 283: l6 n. ! 284: 13 13 ! 285: 4\*.2 4\&\*.2 ! 286: 26\*.4\*.12 26\*.4\&\*.12 ! 287: abc abc ! 288: abc\e& abc\& ! 289: 43\e&3\*.22 43\&3\*.22 ! 290: 749\*.12 749\&\*.12 ! 291: .TE ! 292: .KE ! 293: .PP ! 294: \fBNote:\fR ! 295: If numerical data are used in the same column with wider ! 296: .CW L ! 297: or ! 298: .CW r ! 299: type table entries, the widest \fInumber\fR is centered relative ! 300: to the wider ! 301: .CW L ! 302: or ! 303: .CW r ! 304: items (\f(CWL\fR is used instead of \f(CWl\fR for readability; ! 305: they have the same meaning as key-letters). ! 306: Alignment within the numerical items is preserved. ! 307: This is similar to the behavior of ! 308: .CW a ! 309: type data, as explained above. ! 310: However, ! 311: alphabetic subcolumns (requested by the ! 312: .CW a ! 313: key-letter) ! 314: are always slightly indented relative to ! 315: .CW L ! 316: items; ! 317: if necessary, the column width is increased to force this. ! 318: This is not true for \f(CWn\fR type entries. ! 319: .PP ! 320: .ft BI ! 321: Warning: ! 322: .ft 1 ! 323: the \f(CWn\fR and \f(CWa\fR items should not be used in ! 324: the same column. ! 325: .PP ! 326: For readability, the key-letters describing each column should ! 327: be separated by spaces. ! 328: The end of the format section is indicated by a period. ! 329: The layout of the key-letters in the format section resembles ! 330: the layout of the actual data in the table. ! 331: Thus a simple format might appear as: ! 332: .P1 ! 333: c s s ! 334: l n n . ! 335: .P2 ! 336: which specifies a table of three columns. The first line ! 337: of the table contains a heading centered across all three ! 338: columns; each remaining line contains a left-adjusted item ! 339: in the first column followed by two columns of numerical ! 340: data. ! 341: A sample table in this format might be: ! 342: .br ! 343: .ne 6v ! 344: .br ! 345: .in +4 ! 346: .TS ! 347: c s s ! 348: l n n. ! 349: Overall title ! 350: Item-a 34.22 9.1 ! 351: Item-b 12.65 .02 ! 352: Items: c,d,e 23 5.8 ! 353: Total 69.87 14.92 ! 354: .TE ! 355: .in -4 ! 356: There are some additional features of the key-letter system: ! 357: .IP "\fI##Horizontal lines#\fR" ! 358: \(em A key-letter may be replaced by ! 359: .CW _ ! 360: (underscore) to indicate ! 361: a horizontal line in place of the corresponding column entry, ! 362: or by ! 363: .CW = ! 364: to indicate a double horizontal line. ! 365: If an adjacent column contains a horizontal line, or if ! 366: there are vertical lines adjoining this column, ! 367: this horizontal line is extended to meet the nearby lines. ! 368: If any data entry is provided for this column, it is ignored and ! 369: a warning message is printed. ! 370: .QQ do the D(x) and M(x) to draw a line of 'x' characters. ! 371: .QQ D will draw divided lines, M merged lines. thus - is simplh M(\(ru) ! 372: .IP "\fI##Vertical lines#\fR" ! 373: \(em A vertical bar may be placed between column key-letters. This will ! 374: cause a vertical line between the corresponding columns of the table. ! 375: A vertical bar to the left of the first key-letter ! 376: or to the right of the last one produces a line at the ! 377: edge of the table. ! 378: If two vertical bars appear between key-letters, a double vertical ! 379: line is drawn. ! 380: .IP "\fI##Space between columns#\fR" ! 381: \(em A number may follow the key-letter. This indicates the amount of separation ! 382: between this column and the next column. ! 383: The number normally specifies the separation in ! 384: .I ! 385: ens ! 386: .R ! 387: (one ! 388: en ! 389: .ne 3 ! 390: is about the width of the letter `n').* ! 391: .FS ! 392: * More precisely, an en is a number of points (1 point = 1/72 inch) ! 393: equal to half the current type size. ! 394: .FE ! 395: If the ``expand'' option is used, then these numbers are multiplied ! 396: by a constant such that the table is as wide as the current line length. ! 397: The default column separation number is 3. ! 398: If the separation is changed the worst case (largest space requested) governs. ! 399: .IP "\fI##Vertical spanning#\fR" ! 400: \(em Normally, vertically spanned items extending over several ! 401: rows of the table are centered in their vertical range. ! 402: If a key-letter is followed by ! 403: .CW t ! 404: or ! 405: .CW T , ! 406: any corresponding vertically spanned item ! 407: will begin at the top line of its range. ! 408: .IP "\fI##Font changes#\fR" ! 409: \(em A key-letter may be followed by a string containing a font ! 410: name or number ! 411: preceded by the letter ! 412: .CW f ! 413: or ! 414: .CW F . ! 415: This indicates that the corresponding column should be in a different ! 416: font from the default font (usually Roman). ! 417: All font names are one or two letters; a one-letter font ! 418: name should be separated from whatever follows by a space or tab. ! 419: The single letters ! 420: .CW B , ! 421: .CW b , ! 422: .CW I , ! 423: and ! 424: .CW i ! 425: are shorter synonyms for ! 426: .CW fB ! 427: and ! 428: .CW fI ! 429: and refer to the bold and italic fonts in the current font family. ! 430: Font change commands given with the table entries ! 431: override these specifications. ! 432: .IP "\fI##Point size changes#\fR" ! 433: \(em A key-letter may be followed by the letter ! 434: .CW p ! 435: or ! 436: .CW P ! 437: and a number to indicate the point size of the corresponding table entries. ! 438: The number may be a signed digit, in which case it is taken as ! 439: an increment or decrement ! 440: from the current point size. ! 441: If both a point size and a column separation value are given, ! 442: one or more blanks must separate them. ! 443: .IP "\fI##Vertical spacing changes#\fR" ! 444: \(em A key-letter may be followed by the letter ! 445: .CW v ! 446: or ! 447: .CW V ! 448: and a number to indicate the vertical line spacing to be used ! 449: within a multi-line corresponding table entry. ! 450: The number may be a signed digit, in which case it is taken as an increment ! 451: or decrement from the current vertical spacing. ! 452: A column separation value must be separated by blanks or some other ! 453: specification from a vertical spacing request. ! 454: This request has no effect unless the corresponding table entry ! 455: is a text block (see below). ! 456: .IP "\fI##Column width indication#\fR" ! 457: \(em A key-letter may be followed by the letter ! 458: .CW w ! 459: or ! 460: .CW W ! 461: and a width value in parentheses. ! 462: This width is used as a minimum column width. ! 463: If the largest element in the column is not as wide as the width value ! 464: given after the \f(CWw\fR, the largest element is assumed to be that wide. ! 465: If the largest element in the column is wider than the specified value, ! 466: its width is used. ! 467: The width is also used as a default line ! 468: length for included text blocks. ! 469: Normal ! 470: .I troff ! 471: units can be used to scale the width value; if none are used, ! 472: the default is ! 473: ens. ! 474: If the width specification is a unitless integer ! 475: the parentheses may be omitted. ! 476: If the width value is changed in a column, the \fIlast\fR one given controls. ! 477: .IP "\fI##Equal width columns#\fR" ! 478: \(em A key-letter may be followed by the letter ! 479: .CW e ! 480: or ! 481: .CW E ! 482: to indicate equal width columns. ! 483: All columns whose ! 484: key-letters are followed by \f(CWe\fR or \f(CWE\fR are made the same width. ! 485: This permits the user to get a group of regularly spaced ! 486: columns. ! 487: .IP "\fI##Staggered columns#\fR" ! 488: \(em A key-letter may be followed by the letter ! 489: .CW u ! 490: or ! 491: .CW U ! 492: to indicate that the corresponding entry is to be moved up one half line. ! 493: This makes it easy, for example, to have a column of differences ! 494: between numbers in an adjoining column. ! 495: The ! 496: .CW allbox ! 497: option does not work with staggered columns. ! 498: .IP "\fI##Zero-width item#\fR" ! 499: \(em A key-letter may be followed by the letter ! 500: .CW z ! 501: or ! 502: .CW Z ! 503: to indicate that the corresponding ! 504: data item is to be ignored in calculating column widths. ! 505: This may be useful, for example, in allowing headings ! 506: to run across adjacent columns where spanned headings ! 507: would be inappropriate. ! 508: .IP "##\f(CWNote:\fR#" ! 509: The order of the above features is immaterial; they need not be separated ! 510: by spaces, except as indicated above to avoid ambiguities involving ! 511: point size and font changes. Thus ! 512: a numerical column entry in italic font and 12 point type with a minimum ! 513: width of 2.5 inches and separated by 6 ens from the next column could ! 514: be specified as ! 515: .P1 ! 516: np12w(2.5i)fI 6 ! 517: .P2 ! 518: .IP "\fI##Alternative notation#\fR" ! 519: \(em Instead of listing the format of successive lines of a table ! 520: on consecutive lines of the format section, ! 521: successive line formats may be given on the same line, separated ! 522: by commas, so that the format for the example ! 523: above might have been written: ! 524: .P1 ! 525: c s s, l n n . ! 526: .P2 ! 527: .IP "\fI##Default#\fR" ! 528: \(em Column descriptors missing from the end ! 529: of a format line are assumed to be \f(CWL\fR. ! 530: The longest line in the format section, however, ! 531: defines the number of columns ! 532: in the table; ! 533: extra columns in the data are ignored silently. ! 534: .QQ put in the diagnostics. ! 535: .NH 2 ! 536: Data ! 537: .PP ! 538: The data for the table are typed after the format. ! 539: Normally, each table line is typed as one line of data. ! 540: Very long input lines can be broken: any line whose last character is ! 541: .CW \e ! 542: is combined with the following line (and the ! 543: .CW \e ! 544: vanishes). ! 545: The data for different columns (the table entries) are separated by tabs, ! 546: or by whatever character has been specified with the option ! 547: .I tabs . ! 548: There are a few special cases: ! 549: .IP "\fI##Troff commands within tables\fR#" ! 550: \(em An input line ! 551: beginning with a ! 552: .CW . ! 553: followed by anything ! 554: but a number is assumed to be a command to ! 555: .I troff ! 556: and is passed through unchanged, retaining its position in the table. ! 557: So, for example, vertical space within a table may be produced by ! 558: .CW .sp ! 559: commands ! 560: in the data. ! 561: .IP "\fI##Full width horizontal lines\fR#" ! 562: \(em An input ! 563: .I line ! 564: containing only ! 565: .CW _ ! 566: (underscore) ! 567: or ! 568: .CW = ! 569: (equal sign) is taken to be a single or double ! 570: line, respectively, extending the ! 571: full width ! 572: of the ! 573: .I table. ! 574: .IP "\fI##Single column horizontal lines\fR#" ! 575: \(em An input table ! 576: .I entry ! 577: containing only the character $fat "\(ul" $ or \f(CW=\fR ! 578: is taken to be a single or double line extending ! 579: the full width of the ! 580: .I column. ! 581: Such lines are extended to meet horizontal or vertical ! 582: lines adjoining this column. ! 583: To obtain these characters explicitly in a column, either ! 584: precede them by ! 585: .CW \e& ! 586: or ! 587: follow them by a space before the usual tab or newline. ! 588: .IP "\fI##Short horizontal lines\fR#" ! 589: \(em An input table ! 590: .I entry ! 591: containing only the string ! 592: .CW \e_ ! 593: is taken to be a single line as wide as the contents of ! 594: the column. It is not extended to meet ! 595: adjoining lines. ! 596: .IP "\fI##Repeated characters\fR#" ! 597: \(em An input table ! 598: .I entry ! 599: containing only a string of the form ! 600: .CW \eR \fIx\fR ! 601: where ! 602: .I x ! 603: is any character is replaced by repetitions of the character ! 604: .I x ! 605: as wide as the data in the column. ! 606: The sequence of ! 607: .I x 's ! 608: is not extended to meet adjoining columns. ! 609: .IP "\fI##Vertically spanned items\fR#" ! 610: \(em An input table entry containing only the ! 611: character string ! 612: .CW \e^ ! 613: indicates that the table entry immediately ! 614: above spans downward over this row. It is equivalent ! 615: to a table format key-letter of ! 616: .CW ^ . ! 617: .IP "\fI##Text blocks\fR#" ! 618: \(em In order to include a block of text as a table entry, ! 619: precede it by ! 620: .CW T{ ! 621: and follow ! 622: it by ! 623: .CW T} . ! 624: Thus the sequence ! 625: .P1 ! 626: \&\fR. . .\fP T{ ! 627: .I ! 628: block of ! 629: text ! 630: .CW ! 631: T}\fR . . . ! 632: .P2 ! 633: is the way to enter, as a single entry in the table, something ! 634: that cannot conveniently be typed as a simple string between ! 635: tabs. ! 636: Note that the ! 637: .CW T} ! 638: end delimiter must begin a line; ! 639: additional columns of data may follow after a tab on the same line. ! 640: See the example on page 10 for an illustration of included text blocks ! 641: .e1 aa 10 ! 642: in a table. ! 643: If more than fifty or so text blocks are used in a table, ! 644: various limits in the ! 645: .I troff ! 646: program are likely to be exceeded, ! 647: producing diagnostics such as `too many string/macro names' or `too many ! 648: number registers.' ! 649: .IP ! 650: Text blocks are pulled out from the table, processed separately by ! 651: .I ! 652: troff, ! 653: .R ! 654: and replaced in the table as a solid block. If no line length ! 655: is specified in the ! 656: .I ! 657: block of text ! 658: .R ! 659: itself, or in the table format, ! 660: the default is to use ! 661: $ L times C / (N+1) $ ! 662: where $L$ is the current line length, ! 663: $C$ is the number of table columns spanned by the text, ! 664: and $N$ is the total number of columns in the table. ! 665: The other parameters (point size, font, etc.) used in setting the ! 666: .I ! 667: block of text ! 668: .R ! 669: are those in effect at the beginning of the table (including ! 670: the effect of the ! 671: .CW .TS ! 672: macro) ! 673: and any table format specifications of size, spacing and font, ! 674: using the \f(CWp\fR, \f(CWv\fR and \f(CWf\fR modifiers to the column key-letters. ! 675: Commands within the text block itself are also recognized, of course. ! 676: However, ! 677: .I troff ! 678: commands within the table data but not within the text block ! 679: do not affect that block. ! 680: .br ! 681: .di RR ! 682: . this is going down a rathole ! 683: .EQ ! 684: delim off ! 685: .EN ! 686: .di ! 687: .rm RR ! 688: .IP "##\fBWarnings:\fR#" ! 689: Although any number of lines may be present in a table, ! 690: only the first 200 lines are used in calculating ! 691: the widths of the various columns. ! 692: A multi-page table, ! 693: of course, may be arranged as several single-page tables ! 694: if this proves to be a problem. ! 695: Other difficulties with formatting may arise because, ! 696: in the calculation of column widths all table entries ! 697: are assumed to be in the font and size being used when ! 698: the ! 699: .CW .TS ! 700: command was encountered, except for font and size changes ! 701: indicated (a) in the table format section and (b) ! 702: within the table data (as in the entry ! 703: .CW \es+3\efIdata\efP\es0 ). ! 704: Therefore, although arbitrary ! 705: .I troff ! 706: requests may be sprinkled in a table, care must be taken ! 707: to avoid confusing the width calculations; ! 708: use requests such as ! 709: .CW .ps ! 710: with care. ! 711: .tr ## ! 712: .sp .5v ! 713: .NH 2 ! 714: Additional Command Lines ! 715: .PP ! 716: If the format of a table must be changed after ! 717: many similar lines, as with sub-headings or summarizations, the ! 718: .CW .T& ! 719: (table continue) ! 720: command can be used ! 721: to change column parameters. ! 722: The outline of such a table input is: ! 723: .DS ! 724: .ft CW ! 725: \&.TS ! 726: .ft I ! 727: \&options \f(CW;\fP ! 728: \&format \*. ! 729: \&data ! 730: \&\*. \*. \*. ! 731: .ft CW ! 732: \&.T& ! 733: .ft I ! 734: \&format \*. ! 735: \&data ! 736: .ft CW ! 737: \&.T& ! 738: .ft I ! 739: \&format \*. ! 740: \&data ! 741: .ft CW ! 742: \&.TE ! 743: .DE ! 744: .R ! 745: as in the examples on pages 9 and 12. ! 746: .e1 ab 9 ! 747: .e1 ac 12 ! 748: Using this procedure, each table line can be close to its corresponding format line. ! 749: .sp 3p ! 750: .ft BI ! 751: Warning: ! 752: .ft R ! 753: it is not possible to change the number of columns, the space ! 754: between columns, the global options such as \fIbox,\fR ! 755: or the selection of columns to be made equal width. ! 756: Nor is ! 757: .CW .T& ! 758: recognized after the first 200 lines of a table. ! 759: .NH ! 760: Usage. ! 761: .PP ! 762: On ! 763: .UX , ! 764: .I tbl ! 765: can be run on a simple table with the command ! 766: .P1 ! 767: tbl input-file | troff ! 768: .P2 ! 769: but ! 770: for more complicated use, where there are several input files, ! 771: and they contain equations and \fIms\fR memorandum layout commands as well ! 772: as tables, the normal command would be ! 773: .P1 ! 774: tbl \fIfiles ...\fP | eqn | troff -ms ! 775: .P2 ! 776: and, of course, the usual options may be used on the ! 777: .I troff ! 778: and ! 779: .I eqn ! 780: commands. If any of the file names are ! 781: .CW - ! 782: the standard input is read at that point. ! 783: .PP ! 784: For the convenience of users employing line printers without ! 785: adequate driving tables or post-filters, there is a special ! 786: .CW -TX ! 787: command line option to ! 788: .I tbl ! 789: which produces output that does not have fractional line ! 790: motions in it. ! 791: .PP ! 792: Note that when ! 793: .I eqn ! 794: and ! 795: .I tbl ! 796: are used together on the same file, ! 797: .I tbl ! 798: should be used first. ! 799: If there are no equations within tables, ! 800: either order works, but it is usually faster ! 801: to run ! 802: .I tbl ! 803: first, since ! 804: .I eqn ! 805: normally produces a larger expansion of the input ! 806: than ! 807: .I tbl . ! 808: However, if there are equations within tables ! 809: (using the ! 810: .I delim ! 811: mechanism in ! 812: .I eqn ), ! 813: .I tbl ! 814: must be first or the output will be scrambled. ! 815: Users must also beware of using equations in ! 816: \f(CWn\fR-style columns; this is nearly always wrong, ! 817: since ! 818: .I tbl ! 819: attempts to split numerical format items into two parts and this ! 820: is not possible with equations. ! 821: The user can defend against this by giving the ! 822: .I delim(xx) ! 823: table option; ! 824: this prevents splitting of numerical columns within the delimiters. ! 825: For example, if the ! 826: .I eqn ! 827: delimiters ! 828: are ! 829: .I $$ , ! 830: giving ! 831: .I delim($$) ! 832: a numerical column such as ! 833: .CW "1245$+- 16$" ! 834: will be divided after 1245, not after 16. ! 835: .PP ! 836: .I Tbl ! 837: accepts up to about 35 columns, the exact number ! 838: depending on the availability ! 839: of number registers. ! 840: The user must avoid number register names used ! 841: by tbl, which include two-digit numbers from 31 to 97, ! 842: and strings of the form ! 843: .CW 4\fIx\fR, ! 844: .CW 5\fIx\fR, ! 845: .CW #\fIx\fR, ! 846: \fIx\f(CW+\fR, \fIx\f(CW|\fR, \f(CW^\fIx\fR, and \fIx\f(CW-\fR, ! 847: where ! 848: \fIx\fR is any lower case letter. ! 849: The names ! 850: .CW ## , ! 851: .CW #- , ! 852: and ! 853: .CW #^ ! 854: are also used in certain circumstances. ! 855: To conserve number register names, the ! 856: .CW n ! 857: and ! 858: .CW a ! 859: formats share a register; ! 860: hence the restriction above that they may not be used in the same column. ! 861: .PP ! 862: For aid in writing layout macros, ! 863: .I tbl ! 864: defines a number register ! 865: .CW TW ! 866: which is ! 867: the table width; it is defined by the time that the ! 868: .CW .TE ! 869: macro ! 870: is invoked and may be used in the expansion of that macro. ! 871: More importantly, to assist in laying out multi-page boxed tables ! 872: the macro T# is defined to produce the bottom lines and side lines of a boxed ! 873: table, and then invoked at its end. By use of this macro ! 874: in the page footer a multi-page table can be boxed. ! 875: In particular, the ! 876: .I ms ! 877: macros can be used to print a multi-page boxed table with a repeated heading ! 878: by giving the ! 879: argument ! 880: .CW H ! 881: to the ! 882: .CW .TS ! 883: macro. ! 884: If the table start macro is written ! 885: .P1 ! 886: \&\*.TS H ! 887: .P2 ! 888: a line of the form ! 889: .P1 ! 890: \&\*.TH ! 891: .P2 ! 892: must be given in the table after any table heading (or at the start if none). ! 893: Material up to the ! 894: .CW .TH ! 895: is placed at the top of each page of table; ! 896: the remaining lines in the table are placed on several pages as required. ! 897: Note that this is ! 898: .I not ! 899: a feature of ! 900: .I tbl , ! 901: but of the \fIms\fR layout macros. ! 902: .FC ! 903: .1C ! 904: .NH ! 905: Examples. ! 906: .PP ! 907: Here are some examples illustrating features of ! 908: .I ! 909: tbl. ! 910: .R ! 911: .ds T \|\h'.4n'\v'-.2n'\s6\zT\s0\s10\v'.2n'\h'-.4n'\(ci\|\s0 ! 912: The symbol \*T in the input represents a tab character. ! 913: .de IN ! 914: .po \\n(POu ! 915: .sp |\\n(.hu ! 916: .sp ! 917: .NE \\$1 ! 918: .mk ! 919: .B ! 920: Input: ! 921: .R ! 922: .sp .5 ! 923: .nf ! 924: .in +3n ! 925: .. ! 926: .de OU ! 927: .br ! 928: .in -3n ! 929: .rt ! 930: .po +3i ! 931: .B ! 932: Output: ! 933: .R ! 934: .sp .5 ! 935: .. ! 936: .rm TS ! 937: .rm TE ! 938: .nf ! 939: .KS ! 940: .IN 2.5i ! 941: \&\*.TS ! 942: \&box; ! 943: \&c c c ! 944: \&l l r\*. ! 945: \&Fact\*TLocation\*TStatistic ! 946: \& ! 947: \&Largest state\*TAlaska\*T591,004 sq. mi. ! 948: \&Smallest state\*TRhode Island\*T1,212 sq. mi. ! 949: \&Longest river\*TMississippi-Missouri\*T3,710 mi. ! 950: \&Highest mountain\*TMount McKinley, AK\*T20,320 ft. ! 951: \&Lowest point\*TDeath Valley, CA\*T\-282 ft. ! 952: \&\*.TE ! 953: .OU ! 954: .TS ! 955: box; ! 956: c c c ! 957: l l r. ! 958: Fact Location Statistic ! 959: ! 960: Largest state Alaska 591,004 sq. mi. ! 961: Smallest state Rhode Island 1,212 sq. mi. ! 962: Longest river Mississippi-Missouri 3,710 mi. ! 963: Highest mountain Mount McKinley, AK 20,320 ft. ! 964: Lowest point Death Valley, CA \-282 ft. ! 965: .TE ! 966: .IN 2.8i ! 967: \&\*.TS ! 968: \&allbox; ! 969: \&c s s ! 970: \&c c c ! 971: \&n n n\*. ! 972: \&AT&T Common Stock ! 973: \&Year\*TPrice\*TDividend ! 974: \&1984\*T15-20\*T$1\*.20 ! 975: \&5\*T19-25\*T1\*.20 ! 976: \&6\*T21-28\*T1\*.20 ! 977: \&7\*T20-36\*T1\*.20 ! 978: \&8\*T24-30\*T1\*.20 ! 979: \&9\*T29-37\*T\*.30* ! 980: \&\*.TE ! 981: \&* (first quarter only) ! 982: .OU ! 983: .TS ! 984: allbox; ! 985: c s s ! 986: c c c ! 987: n n n. ! 988: AT&T Common Stock ! 989: Year Price Dividend ! 990: 1984 15-20 $1.20 ! 991: 5 19-25 1.20 ! 992: 6 21-28 1.20 ! 993: 7 20-36 1.20 ! 994: 8 24-30 1.20 ! 995: 9 29-37 .30* ! 996: .TE ! 997: * (first quarter only) ! 998: .KE ! 999: .BP ! 1000: .KS ! 1001: .IN 4i ! 1002: \&\*.TS ! 1003: \&box; ! 1004: \&c s s ! 1005: \&c | c | c ! 1006: \&l | l | n\*. ! 1007: \&Major New York Bridges ! 1008: \&= ! 1009: \&Bridge\*TDesigner\*TLength ! 1010: \&\(ul ! 1011: \&Brooklyn\*TJ\*. A\*. Roebling\*T1595 ! 1012: \&Manhattan\*TG\*. Lindenthal\*T1470 ! 1013: \&Williamsburg\*TL\*. L\*. Buck\*T1600 ! 1014: \&\(ul ! 1015: \&Queensborough\*TPalmer &\*T1182 ! 1016: \&\*T Hornbostel ! 1017: \&\(ul ! 1018: \&\*T\*T1380 ! 1019: \&Triborough\*TO\*. H\*. Ammann\*T\(ul ! 1020: \&\*T\*T383 ! 1021: \&\(ul ! 1022: \&Bronx Whitestone\*TO\*. H\*. Ammann\*T2300 ! 1023: \&Throgs Neck\*TO\*. H\*. Ammann\*T1800 ! 1024: \&\(ul ! 1025: \&George Washington\*TO\*. H\*. Ammann\*T3500 ! 1026: \&\*.TE ! 1027: .OU ! 1028: .TS ! 1029: box; ! 1030: c s s ! 1031: c | c | c ! 1032: l | l | n. ! 1033: Major New York Bridges ! 1034: = ! 1035: Bridge Designer Length ! 1036: _ ! 1037: Brooklyn J. A. Roebling 1595 ! 1038: Manhattan G. Lindenthal 1470 ! 1039: Williamsburg L. L. Buck 1600 ! 1040: _ ! 1041: Queensborough Palmer & 1182 ! 1042: Hornbostel ! 1043: _ ! 1044: 1380 ! 1045: Triborough O. H. Ammann _ ! 1046: 383 ! 1047: _ ! 1048: Bronx Whitestone O. H. Ammann 2300 ! 1049: Throgs Neck O. H. Ammann 1800 ! 1050: _ ! 1051: George Washington O. H. Ammann 3500 ! 1052: .TE ! 1053: .IN 3.0i ! 1054: \&\*.TS ! 1055: \&c c ! 1056: \&np-2 | n | \*. ! 1057: \&\*TStack ! 1058: \&\*T\(ul ! 1059: \&1\*T46 ! 1060: \&\*T\(ul ! 1061: \&2\*T23 ! 1062: \&\*T\(ul ! 1063: \&3\*T15 ! 1064: \&\*T\(ul ! 1065: \&4\*T6\*.5 ! 1066: \&\*T\(ul ! 1067: \&5\*T2\*.1 ! 1068: \&\*T\(ul ! 1069: \&\*.TE ! 1070: .OU ! 1071: .TS ! 1072: c c ! 1073: np-2 | n |. ! 1074: Stack ! 1075: _ ! 1076: 1 46 ! 1077: _ ! 1078: 2 23 ! 1079: _ ! 1080: 3 15 ! 1081: _ ! 1082: 4 6.5 ! 1083: _ ! 1084: 5 2.1 ! 1085: _ ! 1086: .TE ! 1087: .KE
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