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				printf format string decision tree
				------ ------ ------ -------- ----

d,i		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	always show sign
				default is only show sign for negative
			' '	if non-negative or no characters, prefix with space 
			 	ignore if with +
			#	UNDEFINED
			0	pad to field width with zeros after any sign
				ignore if with '-' flag
			 	ignore if with precision
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			minimum number of digits
			if prec > digits, pad with 0
			default is 1
			. without digit means ".0"
			.* reads next input int, negative number means ignore
			0 value with 0 precision writes no characters
		conversion:
			signed decimal number
			pad to precision with leading 0s
		following conversion spec:
			h	value is short
			l	value is long
			L	UNDEFINED

o		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	UNDEFINED
			' '	UNDEFINED
			#	increase precision to make first digit be 0
			0	pad to field width with zeros
				ignore if with '-' flag
			 	ignore if with precision
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			minimum number of digits
			default is 1
			. without digit means ".0"
			.* reads next input int, negative number means ignore
			0 value with 0 precision writes no characters
		conversion:
			unsigned octal
			pad to precision with leading 0s			
		following conversion spec:
			h	value is unsigned short
			l	value is unsigned long
			L	UNDEFINED

u		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	UNDEFINED
			' '	UNDEFINED
			#	UNDEFINED
			0	pad to field width with zeros
				ignore if with '-' flag
			 	ignore if with precision
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			minimum number of digits
			default is 1
			. without digit means ".0"
			.* reads next input int, negative number means ignore
			0 value with 0 precision writes no characters
		conversion:
			unsigned decimal
			pad to precision with leading 0s			
		following conversion spec:
			h	value is unsigned short
			l	value is unsigned long
			L	UNDEFINED

x,X		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	UNDEFINED
			' '	UNDEFINED
			#	non-zero result has 0x or 0X prefix
			0	pad to field width with zeros
				ignore if with '-' flag
			 	ignore if with precision
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			minimum number of digits
			default is 1
			. without digit means ".0"
			.* reads next input int, negative number means ignore
			0 value with 0 precision prints no characters
		conversion:
			unsigned hex
			x uses lowercase, X uses upper case
			pad to precision with leading 0s			
		following conversion spec:
			h	value is unsigned short
			l	value is unsigned long
			L	UNDEFINED

f		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	always show sign
				default is only show sign if negative
			' '	if non-negative or no characters, prefix with space 
			 	ignore if with +
			#	always print a decimal point
				default is to print decimal only if digits follow
			0	pad to field width with zeros after sign
				ignore if with '-' flag
			 	UNDEFINED if with precision
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			maximum number of digits after the decimal point
			default is 6
			. without digit means ".0"
			.* reads next input int, negative number means ignore
		conversion:
			double of form ddd.ddd
			if precision is 0 and no '#' flag, supress decimal point
			if decimal point is printed, at least one character precedes
			value is rounded to appropriate number of digits
		following conversion spec:
			h	UNDEFINED
			l	UNDEFINED
			L	value is long double

e,E		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	always show sign
				default is only show sign on negative
			' '	if non-negative or no characters, prefix with space 
			 	ignore if with +
			#	always print a decimal point
				default is to print decimal only if digits follow
			0	pad to field width with zeros after sign
				ignore if with '-' flag
			 	UNDEFINED if with precision
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			maximum number of digits after the decimal point
			default is 6
			. without digit means ".0"
			.* reads next input int, negative number means ignore
		conversion:
			d.dddde+/-ddd
			one non-zero digit before decimal (if value is not 0)
			0 precision and no '#' flag suppresses decimal
			value rounded to appropriate number of digits
			E gives 'E' as exponent indicator, e gives 'e'
			exponent is at least 2 digits
			zero value guves 0 exponent			
		following conversion spec:
			h	UNDEFINED
			l	UNDEFINED
			L	value is long double

g,G		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	always show sign
				default is only show sign on negative
			' '	if non-negative or no characters, prefix with space 
			 	ignore if with +
			#	always print a decimal point, do not remove trailing zeros
				default is to print decimal only if digits follow
				default is to strip trailing 0s after decimal point
			0	pad to field width with zeros after sign
				ignore if with '-' flag
			 	UNDEFINED if with precision
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			maximum number of significant digits
			. without digit means ".0"
			.* reads next input int, negative number means ignore
			missing or zero precision means 1
		conversion:
			if exponent < -4 or >= precision use e(E) format
			otherwise use f format
			trailing 0's removed if no '#' flag
			decimal point suppressed if no character and no '#' flag
		following conversion spec:
			h	UNDEFINED
			l	UNDEFINED
			L	value is long double

c		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	UNDEFINED
			' '	UNDEFINED
			#	UNDEFINED
			0	UNDEFINED
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision
			UNDEFINED
		conversion
			write the character
		following conversion spec:
			h	UNDEFINED
			l	UNDEFINED
			L	UNDEFINED

s		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	UNDEFINED
			' '	UNDEFINED
			# 	UNDEFINED
			0	UNDEFINED
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field with spaces left/right
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			maximum number of characters written
			. without digit means ".0"
			.* reads next input int, negative number means ignore
		conversion:
			write to end of string or (if specified) precision number of chars
			if no precision or precision > size of string, must be NUL term.
		following conversion spec:
			h	UNDEFINED
			l	UNDEFINED
			L	UNDEFINED

p		flags:
			-	left justified in field
				default is right justified
			+	UNDEFINED
			' '	UNDEFINED
			#	UNDEFINED
			0	UNDEFINED
		width:
			if conv value has < width chars, pad field according to flag
			* means read next input int, negative means '-' flag
		precision:
			UNDEFINED
		conversion:
			implementation defined pointer
		following conversion spec:
			h	UNDEFINED
			l	UNDEFINED
			L	UNDEFINED

n		flags:
				all flags are undefined
		width:
				UNDEFINED
		precision:
				UNDEFINED
		conversion:
			write number of characters written so far
		following conversion specifier:
			h	pointer is to a short int
			l	pointer is to a long int
			L	UNDEFINED


misc:
	%% is escapefor printing percent character
	all other conversion specifiers have UNDEFINED behaviour
	nonexistant or small field gets expanded to hold value
	returns number of characters written, or negative number on output error

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