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1.1     ! root        1: .if n .pH uguide.chap11 %W%
        !             2: .BK "User's Guide"
        !             3: .H 0 "Electronic Mail Tutorial" "11"
        !             4: .H 1 "Introduction"
        !             5: The UNIX system offers a choice of commands that enable you to communicate
        !             6: with other UNIX system users.
        !             7: Specifically, they allow you to:
        !             8: send and receive messages
        !             9: from other users (on either your system or another UNIX system);
        !            10: exchange files;
        !            11: and form networks with other UNIX systems.
        !            12: Through
        !            13: networking, a user on one system can exchange messages
        !            14: and files between computers, and execute commands on
        !            15: remote computers.
        !            16: .P
        !            17: To help you take advantage of these capabilities,
        !            18: this chapter will teach you how to use the
        !            19: following commands.
        !            20: .VL 2.25i 0.3i
        !            21: .LI "For exchanging messages:"
        !            22: \f4mail\f1, \f4mailx\f1, \f4uname\f1, and \f4uuname\f1
        !            23: .LE
        !            24: .P
        !            25: To help you exchange files, and for information on networking,
        !            26: see Chapter 12.
        !            27: .H 1 "Exchanging Messages"
        !            28: .IX sending messages (see \f4mail, mailx\f1)
        !            29: To send messages 
        !            30: you can use either the \f4mail\f1 or \f4mailx\f1 command.
        !            31: These commands deliver your message
        !            32: to a file belonging to the recipient.
        !            33: When the recipient logs in (or while
        !            34: already logged in), he or she receives a message
        !            35: that says \f4you have mail\f1.
        !            36: The recipient can use either the
        !            37: .UI mail
        !            38: or
        !            39: .UI mailx
        !            40: command to read your message and 
        !            41: reply at his or her leisure.
        !            42: .P
        !            43: The main difference between \f4mail\f1 and \f4mailx\f1
        !            44: is that only \f4mailx\f1 
        !            45: offers the following features:
        !            46: .BL 
        !            47: .LI
        !            48: a choice of text editors (\f4ed\f1 or \f4vi\f1) 
        !            49: for handling incoming and outgoing messages
        !            50: .LI
        !            51: several options for saving files
        !            52: .LI
        !            53: commands for replying to messages and sending copies
        !            54: (of both incoming and outgoing messages) to other users
        !            55: .LE
        !            56: .P
        !            57: You can also use \f4mail\f1 or \f4mailx\f1 to
        !            58: send short files containing memos, reports,
        !            59: and so on.
        !            60: However, if you want to send someone
        !            61: a file that is over a page long,  
        !            62: use one of the commands 
        !            63: designed for transferring files:  \f4uuto\f1
        !            64: or \f4uucp\f1.
        !            65: (See "Sending Large Files" in chapter 12
        !            66: for descriptions of these commands.)
        !            67: .H 1 "\f4mail\fP"
        !            68: .IX istart \f4mail\f1 command
        !            69: This section presents the \f4mail\f1 command.
        !            70: It discusses the basics of sending mail
        !            71: to one or more people simultaneously,
        !            72: whether they are working on the local
        !            73: system (the same system as you) or on a 
        !            74: remote system.
        !            75: It also covers receiving and handling incoming mail.
        !            76: .H 2 "Sending Messages"
        !            77: .IX sending messages (see \f4mail, mailx\f1)
        !            78: The basic command line format for sending mail is
        !            79: .DS I
        !            80: \f4mail \f2login\f4<CR>\f1
        !            81: .DE
        !            82: where \f2login\f1 is the recipient's login name
        !            83: on a UNIX system.  This login name can be 
        !            84: either of the following:
        !            85: .BL 
        !            86: .LI
        !            87: a login name if the recipient is on your system
        !            88: (for example, \f4bob\f1)
        !            89: .LI
        !            90: a system name and login name
        !            91: if the recipient is on another UNIX system
        !            92: that can communicate with yours (for example,
        !            93: \f4sys2!bob\f1)
        !            94: .LE
        !            95: For the moment, assume that the recipient is on the local system.
        !            96: (We will deal with sending mail to users
        !            97: on remote systems later.)
        !            98: Type the \f4mail\f1 command at the system prompt,
        !            99: type the recipient's login id,
        !           100: press the RETURN key, and start typing
        !           101: the text of your message on the next line.
        !           102: When you have finished typing it, send the message by
        !           103: typing a period (\f4\z..\f1) or a <cntrl-d>
        !           104: at the beginning of a new line.
        !           105: .P
        !           106: The following example shows how this
        !           107: procedure will appear on your screen.
        !           108: .SS
        !           109: $ \f4mail phyllis<CR>
        !           110: My meeting with Smith's<CR>
        !           111: group tomorrow has been moved<CR>
        !           112: up to 3:00 so I won't be able to<CR>
        !           113: see you then.  Could we meet<CR>
        !           114: in the morning instead?<CR>
        !           115: \&.<CR>\fP
        !           116: $
        !           117: .SE
        !           118: The prompt on the last line
        !           119: means that your message has been 
        !           120: queued (placed in a waiting line of messages)
        !           121: and will be sent.
        !           122: .H 3 "Undeliverable Mail" 
        !           123: .IX \f4mail\f1, undeliverable
        !           124: If you make an error when typing the recipient's login,
        !           125: the \f4mail\f1 command will not be able to deliver your mail.
        !           126: Instead, it will print two messages telling you that it has failed
        !           127: and that it is returning your mail.
        !           128: Then it will return your mail in a message that includes
        !           129: the system name and login name of both the sender and intended recipient,
        !           130: and an error message stating the reason for the failure.
        !           131: .P
        !           132: For example, say you (owner of the login \f4kol\f1) 
        !           133: want to send a message to a user with the login \f4chris\f1.
        !           134: Your message says \f4The meeting has been changed to 2:00.\f1
        !           135: Failing to notice that you have incorrectly typed 
        !           136: the login as \f4cris\f1,
        !           137: you try to send your message.
        !           138: .SS
        !           139: $ \f4mail cris<CR>
        !           140: The meeting has been changed to 2:00.
        !           141: \&.<CR>\fP
        !           142: mail: Can't send to cris
        !           143: mail: Return to kol
        !           144: you have mail
        !           145: $
        !           146: .SE
        !           147: The message \f4you have mail\f1 is presented by the shell; different shells
        !           148: may use slightly different wording for this message.
        !           149: .P
        !           150: The mail that is waiting for you in \f4/var/mail\f1
        !           151: will be useful if you do not know
        !           152: why the \f4mail\f1 command has failed,
        !           153: or if you want to retrieve your mail
        !           154: so that you can resend it without typing it in again.
        !           155: It contains the following:
        !           156: .SS
        !           157: $ \f4mail<CR>\fP
        !           158: From kol Mon Jan 23 16:00 EST 1989
        !           159: Date: Mon Jan 23 11:00:01 GMT 1989
        !           160: Original-Date:  Mon Jan 23 15:59 EST 1989
        !           161: Not-Delivered-To: marmaduk!cris  due to 02  Ambiguous Originator/Recipient Name
        !           162:      ORIGINAL MESSAGE ATTACHED
        !           163:      (mail: Error # 8 'Invalid recipient')
        !           164: Content-Length: 77
        !           165: 
        !           166: Content-Type: text
        !           167: Content-Length: 38
        !           168: 
        !           169: The meeting has been changed to 2:00.
        !           170: 
        !           171: ?
        !           172: .SE
        !           173: To learn how to display and handle this message
        !           174: see "Managing Incoming Mail" later in this chapter.
        !           175: .H 3 "Sending Mail to One Person"
        !           176: .IX \f4mail\f1, sending to one person
        !           177: The following screen shows a typical message.
        !           178: .SS
        !           179: $ \f4mail tommy<CR>
        !           180: Tom,<CR>
        !           181: There's a meeting of the review committee<CR>
        !           182: at 3:00 this afternoon.  D.F. wants your<CR>
        !           183: comments and an idea of how long you think<CR>
        !           184: the project will take to complete.<CR>
        !           185: B.K.<CR>
        !           186: \&.<CR>\fP
        !           187: $
        !           188: .SE
        !           189: When Tom logs in at his terminal (or while he is already logged in),
        !           190: he receives a message that tells him he has mail waiting:
        !           191: .DS I
        !           192: \f4you have mail\f1
        !           193: .DE
        !           194: To find out how he can read his mail,
        !           195: see the section "Managing Incoming Mail"
        !           196: in this chapter.
        !           197: .P
        !           198: You can practice using the \f4mail\f1 command
        !           199: by sending mail to yourself.
        !           200: Type in the \f4mail\f1 command
        !           201: and your login ID, and then write a short message to yourself.
        !           202: When you type the final period or <cntrl-d>,
        !           203: the mail will be sent to a file named
        !           204: after your login ID in the \f4/var/mail\f1 directory, and
        !           205: you will receive a notice that you have mail.
        !           206: .P
        !           207: Sending mail to yourself can also serve as a handy reminder system.
        !           208: For example, suppose you (login ID \f4bob\f1)
        !           209: want to call someone the next morning.  Send
        !           210: yourself a reminder in a mail message.
        !           211: .SS
        !           212: $ \f4mail bob<CR>
        !           213: Call Accounting and find out<CR>
        !           214: why they haven't returned my 1988 figures!<CR>
        !           215: \&.<CR>\fP
        !           216: $
        !           217: .SE
        !           218: When you log in the next day,
        !           219: a notice will appear on your screen
        !           220: informing you that you have mail
        !           221: waiting to be read.
        !           222: .H 3 "Sending Mail to Several People Simultaneously"
        !           223: .IX \f4mail\f1, sending several people
        !           224: You can send a message to several people
        !           225: by including their login names on the \f4mail\f1
        !           226: command line.
        !           227: For example:
        !           228: .SS
        !           229: $ \f4mail tommy jane wombat dave<CR>
        !           230: Diamond cutters,<CR>
        !           231: The game is on for tonight at diamond three.<CR>
        !           232: Don't forget your gloves!<CR>
        !           233: Your Manager<CR>
        !           234: \&.<CR>\fP
        !           235: $
        !           236: .SE
        !           237: .H 2 "Sending Mail to Remote Systems:  the \f4uname\fP and \f4uuname\fP Commands"
        !           238: .IX \f4mail\f1, sending mail to remote systems
        !           239: .IX \f4uname\f1 command
        !           240: .IX \f4uuname\f1 command
        !           241: Until now we have assumed that you are sending messages to users
        !           242: on the local UNIX system.
        !           243: However, your company may have three separate computer systems,
        !           244: each in a different part of a building, or you may
        !           245: have offices in several locations, each with its own system.
        !           246: .P
        !           247: If your system has the Basic Networking Utilities package installed,
        !           248: you can send mail to users on other systems
        !           249: simply by adding the name of the recipient's
        !           250: system before the login ID on the command line.
        !           251: .DS I
        !           252: \f4mail sys2!bob<CR>\f1
        !           253: .DE
        !           254: Notice that the system name and the recipient's
        !           255: login ID are separated by an exclamation mark.
        !           256: .P
        !           257: Before you can run this command, however, you need three
        !           258: pieces of information:
        !           259: .BL 
        !           260: .LI
        !           261: the name of the remote system
        !           262: .LI
        !           263: whether or not your system and the remote system communicate
        !           264: .LI
        !           265: the recipient's login name
        !           266: .LE
        !           267: The \f4uname\f1 and \f4uuname\f1 commands
        !           268: .IX \f4uname\f1 command
        !           269: .IX \f4uuname\f1 command
        !           270: allow you to find this information.
        !           271: .P
        !           272: If you can, get the name of the remote system and the recipient's login name
        !           273: from the recipient.  If the recipient does not know the system name,
        !           274: have him or her issue the following command on the remote system:
        !           275: .DS I
        !           276: \f4uname \-n<CR>\f1
        !           277: .DE
        !           278: The command will respond with the name of the system.
        !           279: For example:
        !           280: .DS I
        !           281: \f4$ \f4uname \-n<CR>\f4
        !           282: dumbo 
        !           283: $\f1
        !           284: .DE
        !           285: .P
        !           286: Once you know the remote system name,
        !           287: the \f4uuname\f1 command can help you verify that
        !           288: your system can communicate with the remote system.
        !           289: At the prompt, type:
        !           290: .DS I
        !           291: \f4uuname<CR>\f1
        !           292: .DE
        !           293: This generates a list of remote systems with which your system can communicate.
        !           294: If the recipient's system is on that list,
        !           295: you can send messages to it by \f4mail\f1.
        !           296: .P
        !           297: You can simplify this step by using the \f4grep\f1 command to search through 
        !           298: the \f4uuname\f1 output.
        !           299: At the prompt, type:
        !           300: .DS I
        !           301: \f4uuname | grep \f2system\f4<CR>\f1
        !           302: .DE
        !           303: (Here \f2system\f1 is the recipient's system name.)
        !           304: If \f4grep\f1 finds the specified system name, it prints it
        !           305: on the screen.  For example:
        !           306: .IX \f4uname\f1 command
        !           307: .IX \f4uuname\f1 command
        !           308: .DS I
        !           309: \f4$\f4 uuname | grep dumbo<CR>
        !           310: \f4dumbo
        !           311: $\f1
        !           312: .DE
        !           313: This means that \f4dumbo\f1
        !           314: can communicate with your system.
        !           315: If \f4dumbo\f1 does not communicate
        !           316: with your system, a prompt is returned.
        !           317: .DS I
        !           318: \f4$ \f4uuname | grep dumbo<CR>
        !           319: \f4$\f1
        !           320: .DE
        !           321: .P
        !           322: To summarize our discussion of \f4uname\f1
        !           323: .IX \f4uname\f1 command
        !           324: .IX \f4uuname\f1 command
        !           325: and \f4uuname\f1, consider an example.
        !           326: Suppose you want to send a message to login \f4sarah\f1
        !           327: on the remote system \f4dumbo\f1.
        !           328: Verify that \f4dumbo\f1 can communicate with your system and send your message.
        !           329: The following screen shows both steps.
        !           330: .SS
        !           331: $ \f4uuname | grep dumbo<CR>\fP
        !           332: dumbo
        !           333: $ \f4mail dumbo!sarah<CR>
        !           334: Sarah,<CR>
        !           335: The final counts for the writing seminar<CR>
        !           336: are as follows:<CR>
        !           337: <CR>
        !           338: Our department \- 18<CR>
        !           339: Your department \- 20<CR>
        !           340: <CR>
        !           341: Tom<CR>
        !           342: \&.<CR>\fP
        !           343: $
        !           344: .SE
        !           345: .P
        !           346: Figures 11-1 and 11-2 summarize the syntax and 
        !           347: capabilities of the \f4uname\f1 and \f4uuname\f1 
        !           348: commands, respectively.
        !           349: .SK
        !           350: .FG "Summary of the \f4uname\fP Command"
        !           351: .TS
        !           352: box;
        !           353: c s s
        !           354: c s s
        !           355: c cw(1.5i) cw(1.5i)
        !           356: c cw(1.5i) cw(1.5i)
        !           357: lw(1i) l s.
        !           358: .sp .5
        !           359: Command Recap
        !           360: .sp .5
        !           361: \f4uname\f1 \- displays the system name\f1
        !           362: .sp .5
        !           363: _
        !           364: .sp .5
        !           365: \f2command     \0\0\0options   arguments\f1
        !           366: .sp .5
        !           367: _
        !           368: .sp .5
        !           369: \f4uname\f1    \0\0\0\f4\-n\f1 and others*     none
        !           370: .sp .5
        !           371: _
        !           372: .sp
        !           373: Description:   T{
        !           374: .ll 3i
        !           375: \f4uname\0\-n\f1 displays the name of the system
        !           376: on which your login resides.
        !           377: .ll
        !           378: T}
        !           379: .sp .5
        !           380: .TE
        !           381: .IX \f4uname\fP(1)
        !           382: .TS
        !           383: c lp8w(3.5i).
        !           384: *      T{
        !           385: See \f4uname\f1(1)
        !           386: in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1 for all
        !           387: available options and an explanation of their
        !           388: capabilities.
        !           389: T}
        !           390: .TE
        !           391: .P
        !           392: .FG "Summary of the \f4uuname\fP Command"
        !           393: .TS
        !           394: box;
        !           395: c s s
        !           396: c s s
        !           397: c cw(1.5i) cw(1.5i)
        !           398: c cw(1.5i) cw(1.5i)
        !           399: lw(1i) l s.
        !           400: .sp .5
        !           401: Command Recap
        !           402: .sp .5
        !           403: \f4uuname\f1 \- displays a list of networked systems\f1
        !           404: .sp .5
        !           405: _
        !           406: .sp .5
        !           407: \f2command     \0\0\0options   arguments\f1
        !           408: .sp .5
        !           409: _
        !           410: .sp .5
        !           411: \f4uuname\f1   \0\0\0none      none
        !           412: .sp .5
        !           413: _
        !           414: .sp 12p
        !           415: .T&
        !           416: l l s.
        !           417: Description:   T{
        !           418: .ll 3i
        !           419: \f4uuname\f1 displays a list of remote
        !           420: systems that can communicate with your
        !           421: system.
        !           422: .ll
        !           423: T}
        !           424: .TE
        !           425: .P
        !           426: In addition to the addressing style described above,
        !           427: another addressing syntax known as Domain-style addressing is supported.
        !           428: Here the address would be in the form
        !           429: .DS I
        !           430: \f2recipient\f4@\f2remote_system\f1
        !           431: .DE
        !           432: or
        !           433: .DS I
        !           434: \f2recipient\f4@\f2remote_system.domain_info\f1
        !           435: .DE
        !           436: The above two addresses are equivalent to the addresses
        !           437: .DS I
        !           438: \f2remote_system\f4!\f2recipient\f1
        !           439: .DE
        !           440: or
        !           441: .DS I
        !           442: \f2remote_system.domain_info\f4!\f2recipient\f1
        !           443: .DE
        !           444: .P
        !           445: Other addressing syntaxes may be set up by your local System Administrator.
        !           446: Your local System Administrator may also have set it up 
        !           447: (check with your local System Administrator to be sure),
        !           448: such that it may not be necessary to verify that your local system can
        !           449: directly communicate with the remote system.
        !           450: If the remote system cannot be contacted directly the message may
        !           451: be automatically forwarded to another system that can service the
        !           452: indicated remote system.
        !           453: .P
        !           454: Figure 11-3 summarizes the syntax and capabilities of the \f4mail\fP command.
        !           455: .FG "Summary of Sending Messages with the \f4mail\fP Command"
        !           456: .TS
        !           457: box;
        !           458: c s s
        !           459: c s s
        !           460: c cw(1.5i) cw(1.5i)
        !           461: c cw(1.5i) cw(1.5i)
        !           462: lw(1i) l s.
        !           463: .sp .5
        !           464: Command Recap
        !           465: .sp .5
        !           466: \f4mail\f1 \- sends a message to another user's login
        !           467: .sp .5
        !           468: _
        !           469: .sp .5
        !           470: \f2command     \0\0\0options*  arguments\f1
        !           471: .sp .5
        !           472: _
        !           473: .sp .5
        !           474: \f4mail\f1     \0\0\0none required     [\f2system_name!\f1]\f2login\f1
        !           475: .sp .5
        !           476: _
        !           477: .sp
        !           478: Description:   T{
        !           479: .ll 3i
        !           480: Typing \f4mail\f1 followed by one or more
        !           481: login names (which may include a system name),
        !           482: sends the
        !           483: message typed on the lines following the
        !           484: command line to the specified login(s).
        !           485: .ll
        !           486: T}
        !           487: .sp
        !           488: Remarks:       T{
        !           489: .ll 3i
        !           490: Typing a period (\f4.\f1) (followed by the RETURN key) or a <cntrl-d>
        !           491: at the beginning of a new line sends the message.
        !           492: .ll
        !           493: T}
        !           494: .TE
        !           495: .TS
        !           496: c lp8w(3.5i).
        !           497: *      T{
        !           498: See the \f4mail\f1(1) manual page
        !           499: in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1 for all
        !           500: available options and an explanation of their
        !           501: capabilities.
        !           502: T}
        !           503: .TE
        !           504: .H 2 "Managing Incoming Mail"
        !           505: .IX \f4mail\f1, incoming
        !           506: As stated earlier,
        !           507: the \f4mail\f1 command also allows you
        !           508: to display messages sent to you by other users
        !           509: on your screen
        !           510: so you can read them.
        !           511: If you are logged in
        !           512: when someone sends
        !           513: you mail, the following message is printed on
        !           514: .IX \f4mail\f1, message
        !           515: your screen:
        !           516: .DS I
        !           517: \f4you have mail\f1
        !           518: .DE
        !           519: This means that one or more messages are being held for you in a file
        !           520: called \f4/var/mail/\f2your_login\f1, usually referred to as your mailbox.
        !           521: To display these messages on your screen, type the \f4mail\f1 command 
        !           522: without any arguments:
        !           523: .DS I
        !           524: \f4mail<CR>\f1
        !           525: .DE
        !           526: .P
        !           527: The messages will be displayed one at a time, beginning with
        !           528: the one most recently received. 
        !           529: A typical \f4mail\f1 message display looks like this:
        !           530: .SS
        !           531: $ mail
        !           532: >From tommy Wed May 21 15:33 CST 1989
        !           533: Content-Length: 104
        !           534: 
        !           535: Bob,
        !           536: Looks like the meeting has been canceled.
        !           537: Do you still want the material for the technical review?
        !           538: Tom
        !           539: 
        !           540: ?
        !           541: .SE
        !           542: The first set of lines,
        !           543: called the message header,
        !           544: provides information about the message:  the
        !           545: login name of the sender,
        !           546: the date and time the message was sent,
        !           547: and how many characters long the contents of the message is.
        !           548: The lines after the first blank line (up to the line containing the \f1?\f1)
        !           549: comprise the contents of the message.
        !           550: .P
        !           551: If a long message is being displayed on your terminal screen,
        !           552: .IX \f4mail\f1, message
        !           553: you may not be able to read it all at once.
        !           554: You can interrupt the printing by typing <cntrl-s>.
        !           555: This will freeze the screen, giving you a chance to read.
        !           556: When you are ready to continue,
        !           557: type <cntrl-q> and the printing will resume.
        !           558: .P
        !           559: After displaying each message, the \f4mail\f1 command 
        !           560: prints a \f4?\f1 prompt and waits for a response.
        !           561: You have many options, for example, you can
        !           562: leave the current message in your mailbox
        !           563: while you read the next message;
        !           564: you can delete the current message;
        !           565: or you can save the current message for future reference.
        !           566: For a list of \f4mail\f1's available options, type a \f4?\f1
        !           567: in response to \f4mail\f1's \f1?\f1 prompt.
        !           568: .P
        !           569: To display the next message without deleting the current message,
        !           570: press the RETURN key after the question mark.
        !           571: .DS I
        !           572: \f4?\f4<CR>\f1
        !           573: .DE
        !           574: The current message remains in your mailbox
        !           575: and the next message is displayed.
        !           576: If you have read all the messages in your mailbox,
        !           577: the shell prompt appears.
        !           578: .P
        !           579: To delete a message, type a \f4d\f1 after the question mark:
        !           580: .IX \f4mail\f1, delete message
        !           581: .DS I
        !           582: \f4? \f4d<CR>\f1
        !           583: .DE
        !           584: The message is deleted from your mailbox.
        !           585: If there is another message waiting, it is then displayed.
        !           586: .P
        !           587: To save a message for later reference,
        !           588: .IX \f4mail\f1, save message
        !           589: type an \f4s\f1 after the question mark:
        !           590: .DS I
        !           591: \f4? \f4s<CR>\f1
        !           592: .DE
        !           593: This saves the message, by default, in a file called \f4mbox\f1
        !           594: in your home directory.
        !           595: To save the message in another file,
        !           596: type the name of that file after the \f4s\f1 command.
        !           597: .P
        !           598: For example, to save a message
        !           599: .IX \f4mail\f1, save message
        !           600: in a file called \f4mailsave\f1 (in your current directory),
        !           601: enter the response shown after the question mark:
        !           602: .DS I
        !           603: \f4? \f4s mailsave<CR>\f1
        !           604: .DE
        !           605: If \f4mailsave\f1 is an existing file,
        !           606: the \f4mail\f1 command appends the message to it.
        !           607: If there is no file by that name, the \f4mail\f1 command
        !           608: creates one and stores your message in it.
        !           609: You can later verify the existence of the new file
        !           610: by using the \f4ls\f1 command.
        !           611: (\f4ls\f1 lists the contents of your current directory.)
        !           612: .P 
        !           613: You can also save the message in a file in a different directory
        !           614: by specifying a path name.
        !           615: For example:
        !           616: .DS I
        !           617: \f4? \f4s project1/memo<CR>\f1
        !           618: .DE
        !           619: This is a relative path name that identifies a file called \f4memo\f1
        !           620: (where your message will be saved)
        !           621: in a subdirectory (\f4project1\f1)
        !           622: of your current directory.
        !           623: You can use either relative or full path names 
        !           624: when saving mail messages.
        !           625: (For instructions on using path names, see Chapter 3,
        !           626: "Using the File System.")
        !           627: .P
        !           628: To quit reading messages, enter the response shown after the question mark:
        !           629: .IX \f4mail\f1, quit reading message
        !           630: .DS I
        !           631: \f4?\f4 q<CR>\f1
        !           632: .DE
        !           633: Any messages that you have not read are kept in your mailbox
        !           634: until the next time you use the \f4mail\f1 command.
        !           635: .P
        !           636: To stop the printing of a message entirely, press the BREAK key.
        !           637: The \f4mail\f1 command will stop the display, print a ? prompt,
        !           638: and wait for a response from you. 
        !           639: .P
        !           640: Figure 11-4 summarizes the syntax and capabilities of the \f4mail\f1 command
        !           641: for reading messages.
        !           642: .FG "Summary of Reading Messages with the \f4mail\fP Command"
        !           643: .TS
        !           644: box;
        !           645: c s s
        !           646: c s s
        !           647: c cw(1.5i) cw(1.5i)
        !           648: c cw(1.5i) cw(1.5i)
        !           649: lw(1i) l s.
        !           650: .sp .5
        !           651: Command Recap
        !           652: .sp .5
        !           653: \f4mail\f1 \- reads messages sent to your login\f1
        !           654: .sp .5
        !           655: _
        !           656: .sp .5
        !           657: \f2command     \0\0\0options   arguments\f1
        !           658: .sp .5
        !           659: _
        !           660: .sp .5
        !           661: \f4mail\f1     \0\0\0available*        none
        !           662: .sp .5
        !           663: _
        !           664: .sp
        !           665: Description:   T{
        !           666: .ll 3i
        !           667: When issued without options, 
        !           668: the \f4mail\f1 command displays
        !           669: any messages waiting in
        !           670: your mailbox
        !           671: (the system file
        !           672: \f4/var/mail/\f2your_login\f1).
        !           673: .ll
        !           674: T}
        !           675: .sp
        !           676: Remarks:       T{
        !           677: .ll 3i
        !           678: A question mark (\f4?\f1) at the
        !           679: end of a message means that a response
        !           680: is expected.
        !           681: A full list of possible responses is
        !           682: given in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1.
        !           683: .ll
        !           684: T}
        !           685: .TE
        !           686: .IX \f4mail\f1 command, summary of
        !           687: .TS
        !           688: c lp8w(3.5i).
        !           689: *      T{
        !           690: See the \f4mail\f1(1) manual page in 
        !           691: the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1 for all
        !           692: available options and an explanation of their
        !           693: capabilities.
        !           694: T}
        !           695: .TE
        !           696: .H 3  "The \f4vacation\fP and \f4notify\fP commands"
        !           697: .IX \f4notify\f1 command
        !           698: .IX \f4vacation\f1 command
        !           699: Two other programs related to managing incoming messages are
        !           700: \f2notify\f1(1) and \f2vacation\f1(1).
        !           701: The \f2notify\f1 command provides a mechanism for
        !           702: notifying the recipient (if they are currently logged on) of
        !           703: newly arrived messages.
        !           704: The \f2vacation\f1 command provides a way to automatically
        !           705: answer incoming messages with a canned response while also
        !           706: saving the incoming messages for later perusal.
        !           707: See the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1 for additional details.
        !           708: .IX iend \f4mail\f1 command
        !           709: .H 1 "\f4mailx\fP"
        !           710: .IX istart \f4mailx\f1 command
        !           711: This section introduces the \f4mailx\f1 facility.
        !           712: It explains how to set up your \f4mailx\f1 environment, 
        !           713: send messages with the \f4mailx\f1 command,
        !           714: and handle messages that have been sent to you.
        !           715: The material is presented in four parts:
        !           716: .BL
        !           717: .LI
        !           718: \f4mailx\f1 Overview
        !           719: .LI
        !           720: Sending Messages
        !           721: .LI 
        !           722: Managing Incoming Mail 
        !           723: .LI
        !           724: The \f4.mailrc\f1 File
        !           725: .LE
        !           726: .H 1 "\f4mailx\fP Overview" "mailx"
        !           727: .IX \f4mailx\f1 command
        !           728: The \f4mailx\f1(1) command is an enhanced version of the 
        !           729: \f4mail\f1(1) command.
        !           730: There are many options to \f4mailx\f1 that are not available in \f4mail\f1
        !           731: for sending and reading mail.
        !           732: For example, you can define an alias for a single login or for a group.
        !           733: This allows you to send \f4mail\f1 to an individual using a
        !           734: name or word other than their login ID,
        !           735: and to send \f4mail\f1 to a whole group of people
        !           736: using a single name or word.
        !           737: When you use \f4mailx\f1 to read incoming mail 
        !           738: you can save it in various files,
        !           739: edit it, forward it to someone else, 
        !           740: respond to the person who originated the message, and so forth.
        !           741: By using \f4mailx\f1 environment variables
        !           742: you can develop an environment to suit your individual tastes.
        !           743: .P
        !           744: If you type the \f4mailx\f1 command with one or more logins as
        !           745: arguments, \f4mailx\f1 decides you are sending mail
        !           746: to the named users, prompts you
        !           747: for a summary of the subject, and then waits for you to
        !           748: type in your message or issue a command.
        !           749: The section "How to Send Messages" describes 
        !           750: features that are available to you for editing, incorporating other
        !           751: files, adding names to copy lists, and more.
        !           752: .P
        !           753: If you enter the \f4mailx\f1 command with no arguments,
        !           754: \f4mailx\f1 checks incoming mail for you in a file named
        !           755: \f4/var/mail/\f2your_login\f1.
        !           756: If there is mail for you in that file, you are shown a list of
        !           757: the items and given the opportunity to read, store, remove or transfer
        !           758: each one to another file.
        !           759: The section entitled "How to Manage Incoming Mail" provides some
        !           760: examples and describes the
        !           761: options available.
        !           762: .P
        !           763: If you choose to customize \f4mailx\f1,
        !           764: .IX \f4mailx\f1 command
        !           765: you should create a start-up file in your home
        !           766: directory called \f4.mailrc\f1.
        !           767: The section on "The \f4.mailrc\f1 File" describes variables you
        !           768: can include in your start-up file.
        !           769: .P
        !           770: \f4mailx\f1 has two modes of functioning:  input mode and command mode.
        !           771: You must be in input mode to create and send messages.
        !           772: Command mode is used to read incoming mail.
        !           773: You can use any of the following methods to
        !           774: control the way \f4mailx\f1 works for you:
        !           775: .BL 
        !           776: .LI
        !           777: by entering options on the command line.
        !           778: (See the \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1.)
        !           779: .LI
        !           780: by issuing commands when you are in input mode, for example,
        !           781: creating a message to send.
        !           782: These commands are always preceded by a \&\f4~\f1(tilde) and are
        !           783: referred to as tilde escapes.
        !           784: (See the \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1.)
        !           785: .LI
        !           786: by issuing commands when you are in command mode, for example,
        !           787: reading incoming mail.
        !           788: .LI
        !           789: by storing commands and environment variables in a start-up
        !           790: file in your home directory called \f4$HOME/.mailrc\f1.
        !           791: .LE
        !           792: .P
        !           793: Tilde escapes are discussed in "Sending Messages,"
        !           794: command mode commands in "Managing Incoming Mail,"
        !           795: and the \f4.mailrc\f1 file in "The \f4.mailrc\f1 File."
        !           796: .H 1 "Command Line Options"
        !           797: .IX \f4mailx\f1, options
        !           798: In this section, we will look at command line options.
        !           799: .P
        !           800: The syntax for the \f4mailx\f1 command is:
        !           801: .DS I
        !           802: \f4mailx\f1 [\f2options\f1] [\f2name...\f1]
        !           803: .DE
        !           804: The \f2options\f1 are flags that control the action of the command,
        !           805: and \f2name...\f1 represents the intended recipients. 
        !           806: .P
        !           807: Anything on the command line other than an
        !           808: option preceded by a hyphen is read by \f4mailx\f1 as a \f2name\f1; that is, 
        !           809: the login or alias of a person to
        !           810: whom you are sending a message.
        !           811: .P
        !           812: One valuable command line option that is also available
        !           813: in \f4mail\f1, is
        !           814: .TS
        !           815: l lw(4i).
        !           816: \f4\-f \f1[\f2filename\f1]:\   T{
        !           817: Allows you to read messages from \f2filename\f1 instead of your mailbox. 
        !           818: .sp
        !           819: Because \f4mailx\f1 lets you store messages in any file you name,
        !           820: you need the \f4\-f\f1 option to review these stored options.
        !           821: The default storage file is \f4$HOME/mbox\f1, so the command:
        !           822: .DS I
        !           823: \f4mailx \-f\f1
        !           824: .DE
        !           825: is used to review messages stored there.
        !           826: T}
        !           827: .TE
        !           828: .H 1 "How to Send Messages:  the Tilde Escapes" 
        !           829: .IX \f4mailx\f1, send message
        !           830: To send a message to another UNIX system user, enter the following
        !           831: command:
        !           832: .SS 
        !           833: $ \f4mailx \fP\f2login\fP\f4<CR>\fP
        !           834: Subject:
        !           835: .SE
        !           836: The login name specified belongs to 
        !           837: the person who is to receive the message.
        !           838: The system puts you into input mode and prompts you for 
        !           839: the subject of the message.
        !           840: (You may have to wait a few seconds for the \f4Subject:\f1
        !           841: prompt if the system is very busy.)
        !           842: This is the simplest way to run the \f4mailx\f1 command;
        !           843: it differs little from the way you run the \f4mail\f1 command.
        !           844: .P
        !           845: The following examples
        !           846: show how you can edit messages you
        !           847: are sending, incorporate existing text into your messages,
        !           848: change the header information,
        !           849: and do other tasks that take
        !           850: advantage of the \f4mailx\f1 command's capabilities.
        !           851: Each example is followed by an explanation of the key
        !           852: points illustrated in the example.
        !           853: .SS 
        !           854: $ mailx sms<CR>
        !           855: Subject:
        !           856: .SE
        !           857: .P
        !           858: Whether to include a subject or not is optional.
        !           859: If you elect not to, press the RETURN key.
        !           860: The cursor moves to the next line and the program waits for you
        !           861: to enter the text of the message.
        !           862: .SS 
        !           863: $ mailx sms<CR>
        !           864: Subject: meeting notice<CR>
        !           865: We're having a meeting for novice mailx users in<CR>
        !           866: the auditorium at 9:00 tomorrow.<CR>
        !           867: Would you be willing to give a demonstration?<CR>
        !           868: Bob<CR>
        !           869: ~. <CR>
        !           870: EOT
        !           871: $
        !           872: .SE
        !           873: .P
        !           874: There are two important things to notice about the above
        !           875: example:
        !           876: .BL
        !           877: .LI
        !           878: You break up the lines of your message by
        !           879: pressing the RETURN key
        !           880: at the end of each line.
        !           881: This makes it easier for 
        !           882: the recipient to read the message,
        !           883: and prevents you from overflowing the line buffer.
        !           884: .LI
        !           885: You end the text and send the message by entering
        !           886: .IX \f4mailx\f1, end message
        !           887: a tilde and a period together (\f4\~\.\f1), or a \f4cntrl-d\f1, at the
        !           888: beginning of a line.
        !           889: The system responds with an 
        !           890: end-of-text notice (\f4EOT\f1) and a prompt.
        !           891: .LE
        !           892: .P
        !           893: There are several commands available to you
        !           894: when you are in input mode (as we were in the example).
        !           895: Each of them consists of a tilde (\~),
        !           896: followed by an alphabetic character,
        !           897: entered at the beginning of a line.
        !           898: Together they are known as tilde escapes.
        !           899: (See the \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1.)
        !           900: Most of them are used in the examples in this section.
        !           901: .P
        !           902: You can include the subject of your message on the
        !           903: command line by using the \f4\-s\f1 option.
        !           904: .IX \f4mailx\f1 options
        !           905: For example, the command line:
        !           906: .DS I
        !           907: \f4$ \f4mailx \-s "meeting notice" sms<CR>\f1
        !           908: .DE
        !           909: is equivalent to:
        !           910: .DS I
        !           911: \f4$ \f4mailx sms<CR>\fP
        !           912: Subject: \f4meeting notice<CR>\f1
        !           913: .DE
        !           914: .br
        !           915: .ne8
        !           916: .P
        !           917: The subject line will look the same to the
        !           918: recipient of the message.
        !           919: Notice that when putting the subject
        !           920: on the command line, you must enclose a subject
        !           921: that has more than one word in quotation marks.
        !           922: .H 2 "Editing the Message"
        !           923: .IX \f4mailx\f1, edit message
        !           924: When you are in the input mode of \f4mailx\f1, you can invoke an
        !           925: editor by entering the <tilde e> escape
        !           926: at the beginning of a line.
        !           927: The following example shows how to use tilde:
        !           928: .SS
        !           929: .ta 1i
        !           930: $ \f4mailx sms<CR>\fP
        !           931: Subject: \f4Testing my tilde<CR>
        !           932: When entering the text of a message<CR>
        !           933: that has somehow gotten grabled<CR>
        !           934: you may invoke your favorite editor<CR>
        !           935: by means of a <tilde e> (~e).\fP
        !           936:        .
        !           937:        .
        !           938:        .
        !           939: .ta
        !           940: .SE
        !           941: Notice that you have misspelled a word in your message.
        !           942: To correct the error, use \f4\~e\f1 to invoke the editor,
        !           943: in this case the default editor, \f4ed\f1.
        !           944: .SS
        !           945: .ta 1i
        !           946:        .
        !           947:        .
        !           948:        .
        !           949: \f4\~e<CR>\fP
        !           950: 12
        !           951: \f4/grabled/p\fP
        !           952: that has somehow gotten grabled
        !           953: \f4s/gra/gar/p\fP
        !           954: that has somehow gotten garbled
        !           955: \f4w\fP
        !           956: 132
        !           957: \f4q\fP
        !           958: (continue)
        !           959: \f4What more can I tell you?\fP
        !           960:        .
        !           961:        .
        !           962:        .
        !           963: .ta
        !           964: .SE
        !           965: .P
        !           966: In this example the \f4ed\f1 editor was used.
        !           967: .IX \f4mailx\f1, edit message
        !           968: Your \f4.profile\f1 or a \f4.mailrc\f1 file
        !           969: controls which editor will be invoked when you issue a \f4\~e\f1 escape command.
        !           970: The \f4\~v\f1 (tilde v) escape invokes an alternate editor (most commonly,
        !           971: \f4vi\f1).
        !           972: .P
        !           973: When you exited from \f4ed\f1 (by typing \f4q\f1),
        !           974: the \f4mailx\f1 command
        !           975: returned you to input mode and prompted you
        !           976: to continue your message.
        !           977: At this point you may want to preview your corrected message by
        !           978: entering a \f4\~p\f1 (tilde p) escape.
        !           979: The \f4\~p\f1 escape prints out the entire message up to the point
        !           980: where the \f4\~p\f1 was entered.
        !           981: Thus, at any time during text entry, you can review the current
        !           982: contents of your message.
        !           983: .SS
        !           984: .sp -1
        !           985: .ta 1i
        !           986:        .
        !           987:        .
        !           988:        .
        !           989: \f4\~p\fP
        !           990: Message contains:
        !           991: To: sms
        !           992: Subject: Testing my tilde
        !           993: 
        !           994: When entering the text of a message
        !           995: that has somehow gotten garbled
        !           996: you may invoke your favorite editor
        !           997: by means of a <tilde e> (~e).
        !           998: What more can I tell you?
        !           999: (continue)
        !          1000: ~.
        !          1001: EOT
        !          1002: $
        !          1003: .ta
        !          1004: .SE
        !          1005: .H 2 "Incorporating Existing Text into Your Message"
        !          1006: .IX \f4mailx\f1, incorporating existing text
        !          1007: \f4mailx\f1 provides four ways to incorporate
        !          1008: material from another source into
        !          1009: the message you are creating.
        !          1010: You can:
        !          1011: .BL 
        !          1012: .LI
        !          1013: read a file into your message
        !          1014: .LI
        !          1015: read a message you have received into a reply
        !          1016: .LI
        !          1017: incorporate the value of a named 
        !          1018: environment variable into a message
        !          1019: .LI 
        !          1020: execute a shell command and incorporate
        !          1021: the output of the command into a message
        !          1022: .LE
        !          1023: .P
        !          1024: The following examples show the first two of these functions.
        !          1025: These are the most commonly used of these four functions.
        !          1026: For information about the other two, see the
        !          1027: \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page of the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1.
        !          1028: .H 3 "Reading a File into a Message"
        !          1029: .IX \f4mailx\f1, read file
        !          1030: .SS
        !          1031: $ \f4mailx sms<CR>\fP
        !          1032: Subject: \f4Work Schedule<CR>
        !          1033: As you can see from the following<CR>
        !          1034: \~r letters/file1
        !          1035: \f4"letters/file1"   10/725\f4
        !          1036: we have our work cut out for us.
        !          1037: Please give me your thoughts on this.
        !          1038: \- Bob
        !          1039: \~.\fP
        !          1040: EOT
        !          1041: $
        !          1042: .SE
        !          1043: .P
        !          1044: As the example shows, the \f4\~r\f1 (tilde r) escape
        !          1045: is followed by the name of the file you want to include.
        !          1046: The system displays the file name and 
        !          1047: the number of lines and characters it contains.
        !          1048: You are still in input mode and can continue with
        !          1049: the rest of the message.  When the recipient gets
        !          1050: the message, the text of \f4letters/file1\f1 is included.
        !          1051: (You can, of course, use the \f4\~p\f1 (tilde p) escape
        !          1052: to preview the contents
        !          1053: before sending your message.)
        !          1054: .H 3 "Incorporating a Message from Your Mailbox into a Reply"
        !          1055: .IX \f4mailx\f1, incorporating message from mailbox
        !          1056: .SS
        !          1057: $ \f4mailx<CR>\fP
        !          1058: mailx version 4.0  Type ? for help.
        !          1059: "/var/mail/roberts": 2 messages 1 new
        !          1060: >N   1 abc        Tue May 1  08:09  8/155  Meeting Notice
        !          1061:      2 hqtrs      Mon Apr 30 16:57  4/127  Schedule
        !          1062: ? \f4m jones<CR>\fP
        !          1063: Subject: \f4Hq Schedule<CR>
        !          1064: Here is a copy of the schedule from headquarters...<CR>
        !          1065: \~f 2<CR>\fP
        !          1066: Interpolating: 2
        !          1067: (continue)
        !          1068: \f4As you can see, the boss will be visiting our district on<CR>
        !          1069: the 14th and 15th.<CR>
        !          1070: \- Robert
        !          1071: \~.\fP
        !          1072: EOT
        !          1073: ?
        !          1074: .SE
        !          1075: .P
        !          1076: There are several important points illustrated in this
        !          1077: example:  
        !          1078: .BL 
        !          1079: .LI
        !          1080: The sequence begins in command mode, where you read and respond
        !          1081: .IX \f4mailx\f1, incorporating message from mailbox
        !          1082: to your incoming mail.
        !          1083: Then you switch into input mode
        !          1084: by issuing the command \f4\m jones\f1
        !          1085: (meaning send a message to \f4jones\f1). 
        !          1086: .LI
        !          1087: The \f4\~f\f1 escape is used in input mode to forward a message in 
        !          1088: your mailbox and make it part of the outgoing message.  
        !          1089: The number \f42\f1 after the \f4~f\f1 means message 2 is to be 
        !          1090: interpolated (read in).
        !          1091: .LI
        !          1092: \f4mailx\f1 tells you that message 2 is being 
        !          1093: interpolated and then tells you to continue.
        !          1094: .LI
        !          1095: When you finish creating and sending the message,
        !          1096: you are back in command mode,
        !          1097: shown by the \f4?\f1 prompt.
        !          1098: You may now do something else in command mode,
        !          1099: or exit \f4mailx\f1 by typing \f4q\f1.
        !          1100: .LE
        !          1101: .P
        !          1102: An alternate command, the \f4\~m\f1 (tilde m) escape,
        !          1103: works the way that \f4\~f\f1 does except
        !          1104: the read-in message is indented one tab stop.  Both the \f4\~m\f1
        !          1105: and \f4\~f\f1 commands work only if you start out in command mode and then 
        !          1106: enter a command that puts you into input mode.
        !          1107: Other commands that work this way will be covered in the section
        !          1108: "How to Manage Incoming Mail."
        !          1109: .H 2 "Changing Parts of the Message Header"
        !          1110: .IX \f4mailx\f1, changing message header
        !          1111: The header of a \f4mailx\f1 message has four components:
        !          1112: .BL
        !          1113: .LI
        !          1114: subject
        !          1115: .LI
        !          1116: recipient(s) 
        !          1117: .LI
        !          1118: copy-to list
        !          1119: .LI
        !          1120: blind-copy list (a list of intended recipients that is not shown on
        !          1121: the copies sent to other recipients)
        !          1122: .LE
        !          1123: .P
        !          1124: When you enter the \f4mailx\f1 command followed by a login or
        !          1125: an alias you are put into input mode and prompted for the
        !          1126: subject of your message.
        !          1127: Once you end the 
        !          1128: subject line by pressing the RETURN key,
        !          1129: \f4mailx\f1 expects you to type
        !          1130: the text of the message.
        !          1131: If, at any point in input mode, 
        !          1132: you want to change or
        !          1133: supplement some of the header information, there are four 
        !          1134: tilde escapes that you can use:  \f4\~h\f1, \f4\~t\f1, \f4\~c\f1,
        !          1135: and \f4\~b\f1.
        !          1136: .VL .75i .25i
        !          1137: .LI "\f4\~h\f1"
        !          1138: displays all the header fields:  subject, recipient,
        !          1139: copy-to list, and blind copy list, with their current values.
        !          1140: You can change a current value, add to it, or, by 
        !          1141: pressing the RETURN key, accept it.
        !          1142: .LI "\f4\~t\f1"
        !          1143: lets you add names to the list of recipients.
        !          1144: Names can be either login names or aliases.
        !          1145: .LI "\f4\~c\f1"
        !          1146: lets you create or add to a copy-to list for the message.
        !          1147: Enter either login names or aliases of those to whom a copy
        !          1148: of the message should be sent.
        !          1149: .LI "\f4\~b\f1"
        !          1150: lets you create or add to a blind-copy
        !          1151: list for the message.
        !          1152: .LE
        !          1153: .P
        !          1154: All tilde escapes
        !          1155: must be in the first position on a line.
        !          1156: For the \f4\~t\f1, \f4\~c\f1 or \f4\~b\f1,
        !          1157: any additional material on the
        !          1158: line is taken to be input for the list in question.
        !          1159: Entering a tilde escape with no additional material will display the
        !          1160: header line in question, allowing you to backspace and make changes.
        !          1161: Any additional material on a line
        !          1162: that begins with a \f4\~h\f1 is ignored.
        !          1163: .H 2 "Adding Your Signature"
        !          1164: .IX \f4mailx\f1, adding your signature
        !          1165: If you want, you can establish two different signatures
        !          1166: with the \f4sign\f1 and \f4Sign\f1 environment variables.
        !          1167: These can be invoked with
        !          1168: the \f4\~a\f1 (tilde a) or \f4\~A\f1 (tilde A) escape, 
        !          1169: respectively.
        !          1170: Assume you have set the value 
        !          1171: Supreme Commander to be called by the \f4\~A\f1 escape.
        !          1172: Here's how it would work:
        !          1173: .SS
        !          1174: $ \f4mailx \-s orders bll<CR>
        !          1175: Be ready to move out at 0400 hours.<CR>
        !          1176: ~A<CR>\fP
        !          1177: Supreme Commander
        !          1178: ~.<CR>
        !          1179: EOT
        !          1180: $
        !          1181: .SE
        !          1182: .P
        !          1183: Having both escapes (\f4\~a\f1 and \f4\~A\f1)
        !          1184: allows you to set up
        !          1185: two forms for your signature.
        !          1186: However, because the sender's login automatically appears in
        !          1187: the message header when the message is read, no
        !          1188: signature is required to identify you.
        !          1189: .H 2 "Keeping a Record of Messages You Send"
        !          1190: .IX \f4mailx\f1, record of messages
        !          1191: The \f4mailx\f1 command offers several ways
        !          1192: to keep copies of outgoing messages.
        !          1193: Two that you can use
        !          1194: without setting any special environment variables 
        !          1195: are the \f4\~w\f1 (tilde w) escape
        !          1196: and the \f4\-F\f1 option on the command line.
        !          1197: .P
        !          1198: The \f4\~w\f1 followed by a file name causes the text of the message to
        !          1199: be written to the named file if the file does not already exist.
        !          1200: For example:
        !          1201: .SS
        !          1202: $ \f4mailx bdr<CR>\fP
        !          1203: Subject: \f4Saving Copies<CR>
        !          1204: When you want to save a copy of<CR> 
        !          1205: the text of a message, use the tilde w.<CR>
        !          1206: \~w savemail\fP
        !          1207: "savemail" 2/71
        !          1208: \f4\~.\fP
        !          1209: EOT
        !          1210: $
        !          1211: .SE
        !          1212: If you now display the contents of \f4savemail\f1, you will see 
        !          1213: this:
        !          1214: .IX \f4mailx\f1, record of messages
        !          1215: .SS
        !          1216: $ \f4cat savemail<CR>\fP
        !          1217: When you want to save a copy of 
        !          1218: the text of a message, use the tilde w.
        !          1219: $
        !          1220: .SE
        !          1221: The drawback to this method, as you can see, is that
        !          1222: none of the header information is saved.
        !          1223: .P
        !          1224: The \f4\-F\f1 option appends the text of the message
        !          1225: to a file named after the first recipient.
        !          1226: If you have used an alias for the recipient(s)
        !          1227: the alias is first converted into the appropriate
        !          1228: login(s) and the first login is used as
        !          1229: the file name.
        !          1230: As noted above, if you have a file by that name in your current
        !          1231: directory, the
        !          1232: text of the message is appended to it.
        !          1233: .P
        !          1234: Using the \f4\-F\f1 option on the command line does preserve the
        !          1235: header information.
        !          1236: It works as follows:
        !          1237: .SS
        !          1238: $ \f4mailx \-F bdr<CR>\fP
        !          1239: \f4Subject: \fP Savings
        !          1240: This method appends this message to a
        !          1241: file in my current directory named bdr.
        !          1242: ~.\fP
        !          1243: EOT
        !          1244: $
        !          1245: .SE
        !          1246: .P
        !          1247: We can check the results by looking at the file \f4bdr\f1.
        !          1248: .IX \f4mailx\f1, record of messages
        !          1249: .SS
        !          1250: $ \f4cat bdr<CR>\fP
        !          1251: From: kol  Fri May 2  11:14:45  1989
        !          1252: To: bdr
        !          1253: Subject: Savings
        !          1254: 
        !          1255: This method appends this message to a 
        !          1256: file in my current directory named bdr.
        !          1257: $
        !          1258: .SE
        !          1259: .H 2 "Exiting from \f4mailx\fP"
        !          1260: .IX \f4mailx\f1, exiting from
        !          1261: When you have finished composing your message,
        !          1262: you can leave \f4mailx\f1 by typing any of the following 
        !          1263: three commands:
        !          1264: .VL .75i .25i
        !          1265: .LI "\f4\~.\f1"
        !          1266: tilde period (\f4\~.\f1), or \f4cntrl-d\f1, is the standard way of leaving
        !          1267: input mode.
        !          1268: It also sends the message.  If you entered
        !          1269: input mode from the command mode of \f4mailx\f1, you
        !          1270: now return to the command mode (shown by the
        !          1271: \f4?\f1 prompt you receive after typing this command).
        !          1272: If you started out in input mode, you
        !          1273: now return to the shell (shown by the shell prompt).
        !          1274: .LI "\f4\~q\f1"
        !          1275: tilde q (\f4\~q\f1) simulates an interrupt.  It lets you exit the
        !          1276: input mode of \f4mailx\f1.  If you have entered text for a message,
        !          1277: it will be appended to the file called \f4dead.letter\f1
        !          1278: in your home directory.
        !          1279: .LI "\f4\~x\f1"
        !          1280: tilde x (\f4\~x\f1) simulates an interrupt.  It lets you exit the
        !          1281: input mode of \f4mailx\f1 without saving anything.
        !          1282: .LE
        !          1283: .H 2 "Summary"
        !          1284: In the preceding paragraphs we have described and shown
        !          1285: examples of some of the tilde escape commands available when sending
        !          1286: messages via the \f4mailx\f1 command.
        !          1287: (See the \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1.)
        !          1288: .H 1 "How to Manage Incoming Mail" 
        !          1289: .IX \f4mailx\f1, incoming mail
        !          1290: \f4mailx\f1 has over fifty commands that help you manage your incoming mail.
        !          1291: See the \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1
        !          1292: for a list of all of them (and their synonyms) in alphabetic order.
        !          1293: The most commonly used commands (and arguments) are described in the
        !          1294: following subsections:
        !          1295: .BL
        !          1296: .LI
        !          1297: the \f2msglist\f1 argument
        !          1298: .LI
        !          1299: commands for reading and deleting mail
        !          1300: .LI
        !          1301: commands for saving mail
        !          1302: .LI
        !          1303: commands for replying to mail
        !          1304: .LI
        !          1305: commands for getting out of \f4mailx\f1
        !          1306: .LE
        !          1307: .H 2 "The \f4msglist\fP Argument"
        !          1308: .IX \f4mailx\f1, \f4msglist\f1 argument
        !          1309: .IX \f4msglist\f1 (see \f4mailx\f1)
        !          1310: Many commands in \f4mailx\f1 take a form of
        !          1311: the \f2msglist\f1 argument.
        !          1312: This argument provides the command with a list of messages on which
        !          1313: to operate.
        !          1314: If a command expects a \f2msglist\f1 argument and you
        !          1315: do not provide one, 
        !          1316: the command is performed on the current message.
        !          1317: Any of the following formats can be used for a \f2msglist\f1:
        !          1318: .VL 1i .5i
        !          1319: .LI "\f2n\f1"
        !          1320: use message number \f2n\f1 as the current message
        !          1321: .LI "\f4^\f1"
        !          1322: the first undeleted message
        !          1323: .LI "\f4$\f1"
        !          1324: the last message
        !          1325: .LI "\f4*\f1"
        !          1326: all messages
        !          1327: .LI "\f2n-m\f1"
        !          1328: an inclusive range of message numbers
        !          1329: .LI "\f2user\f1"
        !          1330: all messages from \f2user\f1
        !          1331: .LI "/\f2string\f1"
        !          1332: All messages with \f2string\f1 in the 
        !          1333: subject line (case is ignored)
        !          1334: .LI "\f4:\f2c\f1"
        !          1335: all messages of type \f2c\f1 where \f2c\f1 is:
        !          1336: .in +.5i
        !          1337: .sp .5
        !          1338: .nf
        !          1339: \f4d\f1 - deleted messages
        !          1340: \f4n\f1 - new messages
        !          1341: \f4o\f1 - old messages
        !          1342: \f4r\f1 - read messages
        !          1343: \f4u\f1 - unread messages
        !          1344: .in -.5i
        !          1345: .fi
        !          1346: .in 0
        !          1347: .sp
        !          1348: The context of the command determines whether
        !          1349: this type of specification makes sense.
        !          1350: .LE
        !          1351: .P
        !          1352: Here are two examples (the \f4?\f1 is the command mode prompt):
        !          1353: .SS
        !          1354: ? \f4d 1-3\|\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\fP[ \f2Delete messages 1, 2 and 3\fP ]
        !          1355: ? \f4s bdr bdrmail\0\0\fP[ \f2Save all messages from user \f1bdr\f2 in a file named \f1bdrmail\f4. ]
        !          1356: ?
        !          1357: .SE
        !          1358: Additional examples may be found throughout the next three
        !          1359: subsections.
        !          1360: .H 2 "Commands for Reading and Deleting Mail"
        !          1361: When a message arrives in your mailbox 
        !          1362: the following notice appears on your screen:
        !          1363: .DS I
        !          1364: \f4you have mail\f1
        !          1365: .DE
        !          1366: The notice appears when you log in or when you
        !          1367: return to the shell from another procedure.
        !          1368: .H 3 "Reading Mail"
        !          1369: .IX \f4mailx\f1, reading mail
        !          1370: To read your mail, enter the \f4mailx\f1  command with or without arguments.
        !          1371: Execution of the command places you in the command mode of
        !          1372: \f4mailx\f1.
        !          1373: The next thing that appears on your screen is
        !          1374: a display that looks something like this:
        !          1375: .SS 
        !          1376: mailx version 4.0  Type ? for help.
        !          1377: "/var/mail/bdr":   3 messages  3 new
        !          1378: > N 1 rbt         Thur Apr 30 14:20   8/190  Review Session
        !          1379:   N 2 admin       Thur Apr 30 15:56   5/84   New printer
        !          1380:   N 3 sms         Fri  May  1 08:39  64/1574 Reorganization
        !          1381: ?
        !          1382: .SE
        !          1383: .P
        !          1384: The first line identifies the version of
        !          1385: \f4mailx\f1 used on your system, and 
        !          1386: reminds you that help is available by typing a question mark (\f4?\f1).
        !          1387: The second line shows the path name of the file used
        !          1388: as input to the display (the file name is normally the same
        !          1389: as your login name) together with a count of the total
        !          1390: number of messages and their status.
        !          1391: .IX \f4mailx\f1, reading mail
        !          1392: The rest of the display is header
        !          1393: information from the incoming messages.
        !          1394: The messages are numbered in sequence with the last one
        !          1395: received at the bottom of the list.
        !          1396: To the left of the numbers there may be a status indicator; N
        !          1397: for new, U for unread.
        !          1398: A greater than sign (\f4>\f1) points to the current message.
        !          1399: Other fields in the header line show the login of the 
        !          1400: originator of the message, the day, date and time it
        !          1401: was delivered, the number of lines and characters
        !          1402: in the message, and the message subject.
        !          1403: The last field may be blank.
        !          1404: .P
        !          1405: When the header information is displayed on your screen,
        !          1406: you can print messages either by pressing the RETURN key
        !          1407: or entering a command followed by a \f2msglist\f1
        !          1408: argument.
        !          1409: If you enter a command with no \f2msglist\f1 argument, the
        !          1410: command acts on the message pointed at by the \f4>\f1 sign.
        !          1411: Pressing the RETURN key
        !          1412: is equivalent to typing the \f4p\f1 (for print) command without
        !          1413: a \f2msglist\f1 argument; the message displayed is the one
        !          1414: pointed at by the \f4>\f1 sign.
        !          1415: To read some other message (or several
        !          1416: others in succession),
        !          1417: enter a \f4p\f1 (for print)
        !          1418: or \f4t\f1 (for type)
        !          1419: followed by the message number(s).
        !          1420: Here are some examples:
        !          1421: .SS
        !          1422: ? \f4<CR>\fP   \0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0[ \f2Print the current message.\fP ]
        !          1423: ? \f4p 2<CR>\fP        \|\0\0\0\0\|\0[ \f2Print message number 2.\fP    ]
        !          1424: ? \f4p sms<CR>\fP\0\0\0[ \f2Print all messages from user sms.\fP ]
        !          1425: .SE
        !          1426: The command \f4t\f1 (for type) is a synonym of \f4p\f1 (for print).
        !          1427: .H 3 "Scanning Your Mailbox"
        !          1428: .IX mailbox
        !          1429: The \f4mailx\f1 command lets you
        !          1430: look through the messages in your mailbox 
        !          1431: while you decide which ones need your immediate attention.
        !          1432: .P
        !          1433: When you first enter the \f4mailx\f1 command mode, the banner tells
        !          1434: you how many messages you have and displays the header line for
        !          1435: twenty messages.
        !          1436: (If you are connected to the computer over a slow communication line, only
        !          1437: the header lines for ten messages are displayed.)
        !          1438: If the total number of messages exceeds one screenful, you can
        !          1439: display the next screen by entering the \f4z\f1 command.
        !          1440: Typing \f4z\-\f1 causes a previous screen
        !          1441: (if there is one) to be displayed.
        !          1442: If you want to see the 
        !          1443: header information for a specific group of
        !          1444: messages, enter the \f4f\f1 (for from) command
        !          1445: followed by the \f2msglist\f1
        !          1446: argument.
        !          1447: .P
        !          1448: Here are examples of those commands:
        !          1449: .SS 
        !          1450: ? \f4z\fP\0\0\0\0\0[ \f2Scroll forward one screenful of header lines.\fP ]
        !          1451: ? \f4z\-\fP\0\0\0\0[ \f2Scroll backward one screenful.\fP ]
        !          1452: ? \f4f sms\fP\0\0[ \f2Display headers of all messages from user sms.\fP ]
        !          1453: .SE
        !          1454: .H 3 "Switching to Other Mail Files"
        !          1455: .IX \f4mailx\f1, other mail files
        !          1456: When you enter \f4mailx\f1 by issuing the command:
        !          1457: .DS I
        !          1458: \f4$ \f4mailx<CR>\f1
        !          1459: .DE
        !          1460: you are looking at the file \f4/var/mail/\f2your_login\f1.
        !          1461: .sp
        !          1462: \f4mailx\f1 lets you switch to other mail files and use any of the
        !          1463: \f4mailx\f1 commands on their contents.
        !          1464: (You can even switch to a non-mail file, but if you try to use
        !          1465: \f4mailx\f1 commands you are told \f4No applicable messages\f1.)
        !          1466: The switch to another file is done with the \f4fi\f1 or \f4fold\f1 command
        !          1467: (they are synonyms) followed by the \f2filename\f1.
        !          1468: The following special characters
        !          1469: work in place of the \f2filename\f1 argument:
        !          1470: .VL .75i .25i
        !          1471: .LI "\f4%\f1"
        !          1472: the user's default mailbox (\f4/var/mail/\f2your_login\f1)
        !          1473: .LI "\f4%\f2login\f1"
        !          1474: the mailbox of the owner of \f2login\f1 (if you have the required permissions)
        !          1475: .LI "\f4#\f1"
        !          1476: the previous file
        !          1477: .LI "\f4&\f1"
        !          1478: the current mbox
        !          1479: .LE
        !          1480: Here is an example of how this might look on your screen:
        !          1481: .SS 
        !          1482: $ \f4mailx<CR>\fP
        !          1483: mailx version 4.0  Type ? for help.
        !          1484: "/var/mail/sms":  3 messages 2 new 3 unread
        !          1485:   U 1 jaf         Sat May 9 07:55   7/137   test25
        !          1486: > N 2 todd        Sat May 9 08:59   9/377   UNITS requirements
        !          1487:   N 3 has         Sat May 9 11:08  29/1214  access to bailey
        !          1488: 
        !          1489: ? \f4fi &\fP           [\f2 Enter this command to transfer to your mbox.\fP ]
        !          1490: 
        !          1491: Held 3 messages in /var/mail/sms
        !          1492: "+mbox":  74 messages 10 unread
        !          1493:   .            [\f2 Enter any commands for your mbox.\fP ]
        !          1494:   .
        !          1495:   .
        !          1496: ? \f4q<CR>\fP
        !          1497: $
        !          1498: .SE
        !          1499: .H 3 "Deleting Mail"
        !          1500: .IX \f4mailx\f1, deleting mail
        !          1501: To delete a message, enter a \f4d\f1 followed by a \f2msglist\f1 argument.
        !          1502: If the \f2msglist\f1 argument is omitted, the current message is deleted.
        !          1503: The messages are not deleted until you leave the mailbox
        !          1504: file you are processing.
        !          1505: Until you do, the \f4u\f1 (for \f4u\f1ndelete) gives you the opportunity
        !          1506: to change your mind.
        !          1507: Once you have issued the quit command (\f4q\f1) or switched to
        !          1508: another file, however, 
        !          1509: the deleted messages are gone.
        !          1510: .P
        !          1511: \f4mailx\f1 permits you to combine the delete and print command and
        !          1512: enter a \f4dp\f1.
        !          1513: This is like saying, "Delete the message I just read and show
        !          1514: me the next one."
        !          1515: Here are some examples of the delete command:
        !          1516: .SS
        !          1517: ? \f4d *\fP\0\0\0\0[ \f2Delete all my messages.\fP ]
        !          1518: ? \f4d :r\fP\0\0\0\0[ \f2Delete all messages that have been read.\fP ]
        !          1519: ? \f4dp\fP\0\0\0\0\|[ \f2Delete the current message and print the next one.\fP ]
        !          1520: ? \f4d 2-5\fP\0[ \f2Delete messages 2 through 5.\fP ]
        !          1521: .SE
        !          1522: .H 2 "Commands for Saving Mail"
        !          1523: .IX \f4mailx\f1, saving mail
        !          1524: All messages not specifically deleted are saved when you quit
        !          1525: \f4mailx\f1.
        !          1526: Messages that have been read
        !          1527: are saved in a file in your home directory called \f4mbox\f1.
        !          1528: Messages that have not been read are held in your
        !          1529: mailbox (\f4/var/mail/\f2your_login\f1).
        !          1530: .P
        !          1531: The command to save messages comes in two forms:  with an
        !          1532: upper case or a lower case \f4s\f1.
        !          1533: The syntax for the upper case version is:
        !          1534: .DS I
        !          1535: \f4S\f1 [\f2msglist\f1]
        !          1536: .DE
        !          1537: Messages specified by the \f2msglist\f1 argument are saved in a
        !          1538: file in the current directory named for the login of the first
        !          1539: message in the list.
        !          1540: .P
        !          1541: The syntax for the lower case version is:
        !          1542: .DS I
        !          1543: \f4s\f1 [\f2msglist\f1] \f2filename\f1
        !          1544:   \f2or\fP
        !          1545: \f4s\f1
        !          1546: .DE
        !          1547: Messages specified by the \f2msglist\f1 argument are saved in
        !          1548: the file named in the \f2filename\f1 argument.
        !          1549: If you omit the \f2msglist\f1 argument, the current message is
        !          1550: saved.
        !          1551: If you are using logins for file names, this can lead to some
        !          1552: ambiguity.
        !          1553: If \f4mailx\f1 is puzzled, you will get an error message.
        !          1554: Finally, if both the \f2msglist\f1 and the \f2filename\f1
        !          1555: are omitted, the mail is saved in a file called
        !          1556: .UI mbox
        !          1557: in your home directory.
        !          1558: .H 2 "Commands for Replying to Mail"
        !          1559: .IX \f4mailx\f1, replying to mail
        !          1560: The command for replying to mail comes in two forms:
        !          1561: with an upper case or a lower case \f4r\f1.
        !          1562: The difference between the two forms is that the
        !          1563: upper case form (\f4R\f1) causes your response
        !          1564: to be sent only to the originator of the message,
        !          1565: while the lower case form (\f4r\f1) causes your
        !          1566: response to be sent not only to the originator
        !          1567: but also to all other recipients.
        !          1568: .P
        !          1569: When you reply to a message,
        !          1570: the original subject line is picked
        !          1571: up and used as the subject of your reply.
        !          1572: Here's an example of the way it looks:
        !          1573: .SS 
        !          1574: $ \f4mailx<CR>\fP
        !          1575: 
        !          1576: mailx version 4.0  Type ? for help.
        !          1577: "/var/mail/sms":  3 messages 2 new 3 unread
        !          1578:   U 1 jaf         Wed May 9 07:55   7/137   test25
        !          1579: > N 2 todd        Wed May 9 08:59   9/377   UNITS requirements
        !          1580:   N 3 has         Wed May 9 11:08  29/1214  access to bailey
        !          1581: 
        !          1582: ? \f4R 2\fP
        !          1583: To: todd
        !          1584: Subject: Re: UNITS requirements
        !          1585: .SE
        !          1586: Assuming the message about ``UNITS requirements'' had been sent to
        !          1587: .IX \f4mailx\f1, replying to mail
        !          1588: some additional people, and the lower case \f4r\f1 had been used,
        !          1589: the header might have appeared like this:
        !          1590: .SS
        !          1591: ? \f4r 2\fP
        !          1592: To: todd eg has jcb bdr
        !          1593: Subject: Re:  UNITS requirements
        !          1594: .SE
        !          1595: .H 2 "Commands for Getting Out of \f4mailx\fP"
        !          1596: .IX \f4mailx\f1, getting out of
        !          1597: There are two standard ways of leaving \f4mailx\f1:  with a \f4q\f1
        !          1598: or with an \f4x\f1.
        !          1599: If you leave \f4mailx\f1 with a \f4q\f1, you see messages that summarize
        !          1600: what you did with your mail.
        !          1601: They look like this:
        !          1602: .SS
        !          1603: ? \f4q<CR>\fP
        !          1604: Saved 1 message in /fs1/bdr/mbox
        !          1605: Held 1 message in /var/mail/bdr
        !          1606: $
        !          1607: .SE
        !          1608: .P
        !          1609: \&From the example we can surmise that user \f4bdr\f1 had at least
        !          1610: two messages, read one and either left the other unread or
        !          1611: issued a command asking that it be held in \f4/var/mail/bdr\f1.
        !          1612: If there were more than two messages, the others were deleted
        !          1613: or saved in other files.
        !          1614: \f4mailx\f1 does not issue a message about those.
        !          1615: .P
        !          1616: If you leave \f4mailx\f1 with an \f4x\f1,
        !          1617: it is almost as if you had never entered.
        !          1618: Mail read and messages deleted are retained in your mailbox.
        !          1619: However, if you have saved messages in other files, that action
        !          1620: has already taken place and is not undone by the \f4x\f1.
        !          1621: .H 2 "\f4mailx\fP Command Summary"
        !          1622: .IX iend \f4mailx\f1 command
        !          1623: In the preceding subsections we have described 
        !          1624: some of the most frequently used
        !          1625: \f4mailx\f1 commands.
        !          1626: (See the \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page in the
        !          1627: \f2User's Reference Manual\f1 for a complete list.)
        !          1628: If you need help while you are in the command
        !          1629: mode of \f4mailx\f1, type either a \f4?\f1 or
        !          1630: \f4help\f1 at the \f4?\f1 prompt.
        !          1631: A list of \f4mailx\f1 commands and what they do will
        !          1632: be displayed on your terminal screen.
        !          1633: .H 1 "The \f4.mailrc\fP File" "mailx"
        !          1634: .IX istart \f4.mailrc\f1
        !          1635: The \f4.mailrc\f1 file contains commands to be executed
        !          1636: when you invoke \f4mailx\f1.
        !          1637: .P
        !          1638: There may be a system-wide start-up file
        !          1639: (\f4/etc/mail/mailx.rc\f1) on your system.
        !          1640: If it exists it is used by the system administrator to set common variables.
        !          1641: Variables set in your \f4.mailrc\f1 file
        !          1642: take precedence over those in \f4mailx.rc.\f1
        !          1643: .P
        !          1644: Most \f4mailx\f1 commands are legal in the \f4.mailrc\f1 file.
        !          1645: However, the following commands are NOT legal entries:
        !          1646: .VL 1.5i .25i
        !          1647: .LI "\f4!\f1\ (or)\ \f4shell\f1"
        !          1648: escape to the shell
        !          1649: .LI "\f4Copy\f1"
        !          1650: save messages in \f2msglist\f1 in a file whose name is
        !          1651: derived from the author
        !          1652: .LI "\f4edit\f1"
        !          1653: invoke the editor
        !          1654: .LI "\f4visual\f1"
        !          1655: invoke vi
        !          1656: .LI "\f4followup\f1"
        !          1657: respond to a message
        !          1658: .LI "\f4Followup\f1"
        !          1659: respond to a message, sending a copy to \f2msglist\f1
        !          1660: .LI "\f4mail\f1"
        !          1661: switch into input mode
        !          1662: .LI "\f4reply\f1"
        !          1663: respond to a message
        !          1664: .LI "\f4Reply\f1"
        !          1665: respond to the author of each message in
        !          1666: \f2msglist\f1
        !          1667: .LE
        !          1668: .P
        !          1669: You can create
        !          1670: your own \f4.mailrc\f1 with any editor, or
        !          1671: copy a friend's.
        !          1672: Figure 11-5 shows a sample \f4.mailrc\f1 file.
        !          1673: .FG "Sample \f4.mailrc\fP File"
        !          1674: .SS 
        !          1675: if r
        !          1676: \0\0cd $HOME/mail
        !          1677: endif
        !          1678: set allnet append asksub askcc autoprint dot 
        !          1679: set metoo quiet save showto header hold keep keepsave
        !          1680: set outfolder 
        !          1681: set folder='mail'
        !          1682: set record='outbox'
        !          1683: set crt=24
        !          1684: set EDITOR='/bin/ed'
        !          1685: set sign='Roberts'
        !          1686: set Sign='Jackson Roberts, Supervisor'
        !          1687: set toplines=10
        !          1688: alias fred\0\0fjs
        !          1689: alias bob\0\0rcm
        !          1690: alias alice\0\0ap
        !          1691: alias donna\0\0dr
        !          1692: alias pat\0\0pat
        !          1693: group robertsgrp\0\0fred bob alice mark pat
        !          1694: group accounts\0\0robertsgrp donna
        !          1695: .SE
        !          1696: .P
        !          1697: The example in Figure 11-5 includes the commands
        !          1698: you are most likely to find useful:  the \f4set\f1 command and
        !          1699: the \f4alias\f1 or \f4group\f1 commands.
        !          1700: .P
        !          1701: The \f4set\f1 command is used to establish values for
        !          1702: environment variables.
        !          1703: The command syntax is:
        !          1704: .DS I
        !          1705: \f4set
        !          1706: set \f2name\fP
        !          1707: \f4set \f2name\fP=\f2string\fP
        !          1708: \f4set \f2name\fP=\f2number\f1
        !          1709: .DE
        !          1710: .P
        !          1711: When you issue the \f4set\f1 command without any arguments,
        !          1712: \f4set\f1 produces a list of all
        !          1713: defined variables and their values.
        !          1714: The argument \f2name\f1
        !          1715: refers to an environmental variable.
        !          1716: More than one \f2name\f1 can be entered after the \f4set\f1 command.
        !          1717: Some variables take a string or numeric value.
        !          1718: String values are enclosed in single quotes.
        !          1719: .P
        !          1720: When you put a value in an environment variable
        !          1721: by making an assignment such as \f4HOME=\f2my_login\f1,
        !          1722: you are telling the shell how to interpret that variable.
        !          1723: However, this type of assignment in the shell does not
        !          1724: make the value of the variable accessible to other
        !          1725: UNIX system programs that need to reference environment
        !          1726: variables.
        !          1727: To make it accessible, you must export the variable.
        !          1728: If you set the \f4TERM\f1 variable in your environment
        !          1729: in Chapter 7 or Chapter 9),
        !          1730: you will remember using the \f4export\f1 command
        !          1731: shown in the following example:
        !          1732: .DS I
        !          1733: \f4$ \f4TERM=5425
        !          1734: \f4$ \f4export TERM\f1
        !          1735: .DE
        !          1736: .P
        !          1737: When you export variables from the shell in this way,
        !          1738: programs that reference environment variables are said to import them.
        !          1739: Some of these variables (such as \f4EDITOR\f1 and \f4VISUAL\f1) 
        !          1740: are not peculiar to \f4mailx\f1, but may be specified as general
        !          1741: environment variables and imported from your 
        !          1742: execution environment.
        !          1743: If a value is set in \f4.mailrc\f1 for an imported variable
        !          1744: it overrides the imported value.
        !          1745: There is an \f4unset\f1 command,
        !          1746: but it works only
        !          1747: against variables set in \f4.mailrc\f1;
        !          1748: it has no effect on imported variables.
        !          1749: .P
        !          1750: There are too many environment variables that can be defined in
        !          1751: your \f4.mailrc\f1 to be fully described in this document.
        !          1752: For complete information, consult the
        !          1753: \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1.
        !          1754: .P
        !          1755: Three variables used in the example in Figure 11-5 deserve
        !          1756: special attention because they show how
        !          1757: to organize the filing of messages.
        !          1758: These variables are:  \f4folder\f1, \f4record\f1,
        !          1759: and \f4outfolder\f1.
        !          1760: All three are interrelated
        !          1761: and control the directories and files
        !          1762: in which copies of messages are kept.
        !          1763: .P
        !          1764: To put a value into the \f4folder\f1 variable,
        !          1765: use the following format:
        !          1766: .DS I
        !          1767: \f4set folder=\f2directory\f1
        !          1768: .DE
        !          1769: This specifies the directory
        !          1770: in which you want to save
        !          1771: standard mail files.
        !          1772: If the directory name specified does not begin with a \f4/\f1 (slash),
        !          1773: it is presumed to be relative to \f4$HOME\f1.
        !          1774: If \f4folder\f1 is an exported shell variable,
        !          1775: you can specify file names
        !          1776: (in commands that call for a \f2filename\f1 argument) with
        !          1777: a \f4/\f1 before the name; the name will be expanded so that   
        !          1778: the file is put into the \f4folder\f1 directory.
        !          1779: .P
        !          1780: To put a value in the \f4record\f1 variable,
        !          1781: use the following format:
        !          1782: .DS I
        !          1783: \f4set record=\f2filename\f1
        !          1784: .DE
        !          1785: This directs \f4mailx\f1 
        !          1786: to save a copy of all outgoing messages
        !          1787: in the specified file.
        !          1788: The header information is saved along with the text of the message.
        !          1789: By default, this variable is disabled.
        !          1790: .P
        !          1791: The \f4outfolder\f1 variable
        !          1792: causes the file in which you store copies of outgoing messages
        !          1793: (enabled by the variable \f4record=\f1)
        !          1794: to be located in the \f4folder\f1 directory.
        !          1795: It is established by being named in a \f4set\f1 command.
        !          1796: The default is \f4nooutfolder\f1.
        !          1797: .P
        !          1798: The \f4alias\f1 and \f4group\f1 commands are synonyms.
        !          1799: In Figure 11-5, the \f4alias\f1 command is used to associate a
        !          1800: name with a single login; the \f4group\f1 command is used to 
        !          1801: specify multiple names that can be called in with one pseudonym.
        !          1802: This is a nice way to distinguish between single and group
        !          1803: aliases, but if you want, you can treat the commands as exact equivalents.
        !          1804: Notice, too, that aliases can be nested.
        !          1805: .P
        !          1806: In the \f4.mailrc\f1 file shown in Figure 11-5,
        !          1807: the alias \f4robertsgrp\f1 represents five
        !          1808: users; four of them are specified by previously defined
        !          1809: aliases and one, \f4mark\fP, is specified by a login.
        !          1810: The fifth user, \f4pat\f1, is specified by both a login and an alias.
        !          1811: The next group command in the example, \f4accounts\f1,
        !          1812: uses the group \f4robertsgrp\f1 plus the alias \f4donna\f1.
        !          1813: It expands to six logins.
        !          1814: .P
        !          1815: The \f4.mailrc\f1 file in Figure 11-5
        !          1816: includes an \f4if-endif\f1 command.
        !          1817: The full syntax of that command is:
        !          1818: .DS I
        !          1819: \f4if s\||\|r
        !          1820:   \f2mail_commands\f4
        !          1821: else
        !          1822:   \f2mail_commands\f4
        !          1823: endif\f1
        !          1824: .DE
        !          1825: The \f4s\f1 and \f4r\f1 stand for send and receive, 
        !          1826: so you can cause
        !          1827: some initializing commands to be executed according to whether
        !          1828: \f4mailx\f1 is entered in input mode (send) or command mode (receive).
        !          1829: In the preceding example, the command is issued to change directory
        !          1830: to \f4$HOME/mail\f1 if reading mail.
        !          1831: Here, the user elected to set up a subdirectory to
        !          1832: handle incoming mail.
        !          1833: .P
        !          1834: The environment variables
        !          1835: shown in this section are those most commonly 
        !          1836: included in the \f4.mailrc\f1 file.
        !          1837: You can, however, specify any of them
        !          1838: for one session only whenever
        !          1839: you are in command mode.
        !          1840: For a complete list of the environment variables
        !          1841: you can set in \f4mailx\f1 see
        !          1842: the \f4mailx\f1(1) manual page in the \f2User's Reference Manual\f1.
        !          1843: .IX iend \f4.mailrc\f1

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