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\begin{document}

\title	{OSI Directory Services}
\author	{Christopher W.~Moore\\ The Wollongong Group, Inc.}
\date	{December 13, 1988}
\maketitlepage

\begin{bwslide}
\part*	{Agenda}

\begin{description}
\item[Part I:]		Introduction to Directory Services
\item[Part II:]		Directory Services in Detail
\item[Part III:]	Upper Layer Requirements
\item[Part IV:]		Reference Points
\item[Part V:]		Conclusions
\end{description}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Part I: Introduction to Directory Services}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Introduction}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Specialized distributed database
\item	Holds and provides access to information about objects
\item	OSI application
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Scope \& Field of Application}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Provide Directory Capability Required by:
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	OSI Applications
	\item	OSI Management Processes
	\item	OSI Layer Entities
	\end{nrtc}
\item	``User Friendly'' Naming --- Name to Address Mapping
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Scope \& Field (cont.)}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Is NOT a General-Purpose Database itself;  but,
\item	May be built on a General-Purpose Database
\item	Transient Conditions
\item	More Frequent Queries than Updates
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Scope \& Field (cont.)}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Query results independent
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Identity
	\item	Location
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Variances
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Differing access rights
	\item	Unpropagated updates
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory and Users}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Directory user
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Person
	\item	Application process
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Services obtained by accessing the directory
\item	Access achieved through directory user agent, {\em DUA}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Directory and Users}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure1}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Information Base\\ (DIB)}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Information model
\item	All information to which the Directory provides access
\item	Not concerned with distributed or centralized architecture
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Access\\ ( Abstract Service )}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Services provided to DUAs through access points
\item	Access point supports a specific combination of services, {\em Ports}
\item	Ports define particular types of interaction with the directory
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Objects}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Many types of objects will be stored in the directory
\item	An object may be used by multiple applications
\item	General set of useful objects and attributes defined by Directory
\item	Individual applications may define Directory objects and attributes
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Part II: Directory Services in Detail}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Informational Model
\item	Functional Model
\item	Organizational Model
\item	Security Model
\item	Applying The Directory
\item	The Directory Service
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Information Model\\ Directory Information Base}
\begin{nrtc}
\item	Composed of information about objects, {\em entries}.
\item	Tree structure, {\em Directory Information Tree (DIT)}
\item	Entries have {\em Distinguished Names}
\item	Aliases
\item	Schema
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Information Model\\ DIT Structure}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure2}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Information Model\\ Entries}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure9}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Example Directory Tree}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure3}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Functional Model}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	The Directory is manifested by one or more DSAs
\item	Directory System Agent, {\em DSA}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Functional Model}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure4}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Operation of the Functional Model}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Interactions
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	DUAs interact with one or more DSAs
	\item	DSAs interact with other DSAs
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Referral
\item	Chaining
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Operation of the Model\\ Referral}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure5}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Operation of the Model\\ Referral (cont.)}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure6}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Operation of the Model\\ Chaining}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure7}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Operation of the Model\\ Multicasting}

\vskip.5in
\diagram[p]{figure8}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Organizational Model}
\begin{nrtc}
\item	Directory Management Domain, {\em DMD}
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	One or more DSAs
	\item	Zero or more DUAs
	\item	External behavior (Multiple DSAs in a DMD)
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Administration Directory Management Domain, {\em ADDMD}
\item	Private Directory Management Domain, {\em PRDMD}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Security Model}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Security Model\\ Security Policy}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Various authorities provide access to parts of the DIB
\item	Authorization Policy
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Specify access rights
	\item	Enforce access rights {\em (Access control)}
	\item	Maintain access rights
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Authentication Policy
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Identity of DSAs and directory users
	\item	identity of received informations origin
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Security Model\\ Local Matters}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Actual definition of a security policy
\item	Specifying access rights {\em (Guidelines given)}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Applying the Directory}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ Directory Environment}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Large scale networks
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Various objects enter and leave
	\item	Connectivity of objects changes
	\item	Characteristic of objects change
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Object interrogation is more frequent than object changes
\item	Object identification methods
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Chosen for ease of allocation
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ Directory Service Characteristics}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Isolate user from frequent changes to network
\item	Provide ``user friendly'' view of network
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Aliases
	\item	``Yellow Pages''
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ Patterns of Usage}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ Look---Up}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	DUA Supplies
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Distinguished name of object
	\item	Attribute type {\em (Optional)}
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Directory Returns
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Value(s) requested
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Additionally
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item Multiple attribute types may be requested
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ Naming}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Names chosen to maximize predictability by humans
\item	Common among all applications using an object
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ Browsing}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Combination of list and search
\item	Enables user to ``guess'' object name
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ ``Yellow Pages''}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Matching objects for a specific category\\
	(i.e., Business Category = ``Window Washing'')
\item	Two Approaches
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Search with filter on attributes
	\item	Construct special subtrees
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Applying the Directory \\ Groups}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Are objects
\item	Members are objects
\item	Membership changes over time
\item	Directory will
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Indicate if object is member of group
	\item	List membership of group
	\end{nrtc}
\item	{\em Group member may be a group}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ Authentication}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Directory supports applications by storing authentication information
\item	Directory may uses authentication information
\item	Directory Contains
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Passwords, {\em Simple Authentication} 
	\item	Public encryption keys, {\em Strong Authentication}
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Applying the Directory \\ Generic Directory Applications}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Inter---Personal Communications
\item	Inter---System Communications
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Applying the Directory \\ Inter---Personal Communications Directory}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Provide humans with communication information for others
\item	{\em Some} Typical object classes
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Person
	\item	Organizational role
	\item	Group
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Typical attributes retrieved
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Electronic mail address
	\item	Telephone number
	\item	Physical delivery information
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Applying the Directory \\ Inter---System Communications Directory}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	OSI Reference Model \emph{Requires} Two Directory Functions
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Application Layer: \\ Application Title to Presentation Address
	\item	Network Layer: \\ NSAP Addresses to SNPA Address
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Typical Object Class
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Application Entity
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Typical Attribute Retrieved
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Presentation Address
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Service}
\begin{nrtc}
\item	Provided to user through DUA
\item	Responds to requests from DUA
\item	Request Types:
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Interrogation
	\item	Modification
	\end{nrtc}
\item	Requests may be qualified
\item	Result / Response
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item	Requests always generate a result
	\item	Normal: Form specific to request
	\item	Error: Common to other requests
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Service (cont.)}
\begin{nrtc}
\item	``Outside'' the Standards
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item Addition/Deletion of arbitrary entries
	\item Management of access Control
	\item Management of schema
	\item Management of knowledge information
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Service (cont.)}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Connection oriented
\item	Peer entity authentication performed at association establishment
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Service --- Service Qualification}
Qualifying Requests:
\begin{nrtc}
\item	Service controls
\item	Security parameters
\item	Filters
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Service --- Directory Interrogation}
Types of requests:
\begin{nrtc}
\item	Read
\item	Compare
\item	List
\item	Search
\item	{\em Abandon}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Service --- Directory Modification}
\begin{nrtc}
\item	Add entry
\item	Remove entry
\item	Modify entry
\item	Modify relative distinguished name
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}


\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Service --- Outcomes}
Requests may result in:
\begin{nrtc}
\item	Normal response
\item	Errors
\item	Referrals
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory Protocols}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Directory Access Protocol --- $DAP$ --- $(DUA \longleftrightarrow DSA)$
\item	Directory System Protocol --- $DSP$ --- $(DSA \longleftrightarrow DSA)$
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Directory Protocols}

\vskip .5in
\diagram[p]{figure21}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Part II: Quick Summary}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Information Model --- DIB, DIT, Entries
\item	Functional Model --- ``The Directory''
\item	Organizational Model --- Directory Management Domains
\item	Security Model --- Security Policies
\item	Applying the Directory --- User approach
\item	The Directory Service --- An internal approach
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Part  III: Upper Layer Requirements}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Association Control
\item	Remote Operations
\item	Session {\em --- Version 2}
\item	Transport
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Lower Layer Requirements}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	ISO/IEC - No specific Transport Class requirement
\item	CCITT	- Transport Class 0 over X.25
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Part IV: Reference Points}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Standards \& Status}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	ISO/IEC 9594 --- {\em The Directory}
\item	CCITT X.500 --- {\em The Directory}
\item	CCITT F.500 --- {\em International Public Directory Services}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Directory\\ References}

\begin{nrtc}
\item {The Directory--Overview of concepts, models and service}  (ISO/IEC 9594-1, CCITT Recommendation X.500)
\item {The Directory--Models} (ISO/IEC 9594-2, CCITT Recommendation X.501)
\item {The Directory--Abstract service definition} (ISO/IEC 9594-3, CCITT Recommendation X.511)
\item {The Directory--Procedures for distributed operations} (ISO/IEC 9594-4, CCITT Recommendation X.518)
\item {The Directory--Protocol specifications} (ISO/IEC 9594-5, CCITT Recommendation X.519)
\item {The Directory--Selected attribute types} (ISO/IEC 9594-6, CCITT Recommendation X.520)
\item {The Directory--Selected object classes} (ISO/IEC 9594-7, CCITT Recommendation X.521)
\item {The Directory--Authentication framework} (ISO/IEC 9594-8, CCITT Recommendation X.509)
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Remote Operations\\ References}

\begin{nrtc}
\item {Remote Operations--Part 1: Model, Notation and Service Definition} (ISO/IEC 9072-1, CCITT Recommendation X.219)
\item {Remote Operations--Part 2: Protocol Specification} (ISO/IEC 9072-2, CCITT Recommendation X.229)
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Association Control\\ References}

\begin{nrtc}
\item {Association Control--Service Definition} (ISO/IEC 8649-2, CCITT Recommendation X.217)
\item {Association Control--Protocol Definition} (ISO/IEC 8650-2, CCITT Recommendation X.217)
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Implementation Profiles\\ References \& Status}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	NIST:  December 1987 {\em (December 1988 to be approved this week)}
\item	SPAG:  Status unknown, work being combined with EWOS
\item	EWOS:  No stable profile at this time.
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Demonstrations}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Enterprise Networking Event '88 {\em (ENE)}
\item	CeBIT '89 {\em (Hanover Fair)}
	\begin{nrtc}
	\item EurOSInet / OSITOP
	\item MultiNET
	\end{nrtc}
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle {Part V: Conclusions}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Summary}
\begin{nrtc}
\item	General introduction to Directory --- Names to Addresses
\item	Detailed examination of Directory
\item	Overview of OSI upper layers
\item	Current activities and references
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\begin{bwslide}
\ctitle	{Directory}

\begin{nrtc}
\item	Simplifies distribution of large networks
\item	Allows OSI networks to be self configuring
\item	Hides complex underpinings from users
\end{nrtc}
\end{bwslide}

\end{document}
